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Domain 1 NMTCB Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024
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Domain 1 NMTCB Study Guide
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Domain 1 NMTCB Study Guidealpha emitters - answer Unstable nuclei that have too many protons and too many
neutrons
- Proton number is reduced by 2 and the mass is reduced by 4 units
Advantages of alpha therapy - answer Produce high densities of ionizations
-High LET
- Effective at killing hypoxic cells
Disadvantages of alpha therapy - answer Toxicity due to unbound alpha radionuclides
-Radio labeling chemistry is complex
- Radiation safety issues
Beta Emitters - answer Unstable nuclei have too many neutrons
- Excess neutron is converted into a proton, electron, or beta particle
Advantages for beta therapy - answer Easier to radio label
- Less toxic
- more readily available
Disadvantage to beta therapy - answer Not as effective at killing harmful cells
(compared to alpha)
- Depends of tumor distribution, concentration and size
Gamma emitters - answer Unstable nuclei that needs to get rid of excess energy
- Often happens because other decay processes leave the nucleus in an excited state
-Isomeric transition: transition form an upper energy state to a lower energy state
positron emitters - answer Unstable nucleus with too many protons
- Requires 1.022 MeV of transition energy
- Both particles annihilate each other and produce two 511 KeV photons that travel 180
degrees from each other
- atomic number decreases by 1
Electron capture - answer Unstable nuclei has too many protons
- Occurs when the proton rich nuclei cannot meet the 1.022 MeV energy that is required
- Inner shell electron is captured by the unstable nucleus. A neutron and neutrino are
made, the neutron stays and the neutrino is ejected, The captured electron will create a
vacancy and the inner electron shell of the atom will produce characteristic x rays
, Bremsstrahlung radiation - answer When an electron abruptly slows down around the
nucleus of an atom and converts its energy into a photon
" braking radiation"
Preventing excess bremsstrahlung - answer Production of this is influenced by the
atomic nu,ber of which the medium is passing
- Higher Z numbers mean it is more positive and will more strongly interact
- More beneficial to used low Z materials to shield Beta
Characteristic Xrays - answer Result of an electron from a higher shell filling in for an
electron vacancy in a lower shell
- Energy is determined by the shell differences (higher when closer to the nucleus and
w/ higher binding energies_
What unit does the dose calibrator read in? – answer Ci/Bq
What unit does the well counter read in? – answer cpm/dpm
What unit does the uptake probe read in? – answer cpm/dpm
Excitation - answer Process of absorbing small amounts of energy temporarily in the
outer electron structure of an atom.
- Typically short lived and the atom spontaneously gives up the energy in the form of
EMR
Ionization - answer Results when the amount of energy absorbed is enough to remove
and electron from the atom
- Energy must be larger than the binding energy of a particular orbiting electron
Alpha particles interaction - answer Type of interaction that primarily happens with
orbital electrons in the materials through which they pass, a lot of ionization and
excitation
- Can be devastating to biological systems
Beta particles interaction - answer InterAction of negatively charged particles in the
proximity of the nucleus that result them being attracted to the nucleus, during the
slowing down X-rays are released.
annihilation interaction - answer Positrons are ejected from an atom and travel a dew
mm, positron and orbital electron from an atom are attracted to each other because of
the opposite charges that will spiral towards each other and interact
Photoelectric effect - answer InterAction that takes place between and incident photon
and an inner orbital electron
- Occurs in the K and L shell
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