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CRIM 249 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CRIM 249 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CRIM 249 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSWhat was Merton trying to explain? - Answers-Why does the United States have higher
crime rates than other industrialized countries?
Why does crime within the United States appear to be concentrated within the lower-
classes and inner-cities?
Anomie(Macro) - Answers-goals outweigh the means, the society is malintegrated, and
a state of Anomie exists.(Normlessness, where behavior is not regulated by rules.)
Modes of Adaptation: - Answers-Conformity: If you accept the cultural means and goals
Innovation: you accept the cultural goals (money), but don't accept the means
Ritualism: you believe that the means are valid, but don't
value the goals
Retreatists: rejecting both the means and goals of society
Rebellion:you reject the means and goals of society and replace them with your own
means and goals.
Policy implications of Merton's theory?How do these differ from Social Disorganization
Theory? - Answers-•Equalize opportunities for success
-War on Poverty
-Peace Corps, Job Corps, Head Start
•De-emphasize material success goals
•Emphasize playing by the rules
Criticisms of Merton's Strain
Theory - Answers-•Research has found that the discrepancy between aspirations (like
monetary success) and expectations (access to opportunities) is not strongly predictive
of crime.
• Monetary Success does not appear to be as overarching a value as Merton believed.
Many people value other goals (like athletic success, popularity, or learning)
• In the end, failure to meet goals does not seem to be a good predictor of crime.
bad job of why people react to the same event with a different emotion.
General Strain Theory(Micro) - Answers-•Sources of strain/stress cause
negative affective states, such as anger or frustration.
, •To cope, people may turn to crime, violence, or drug use.
Sources of Strain - Answers-•Traditional Strain: Failure to achieve
valued goals (monetary success, status etc.)
•Removal of Positively Valued Stimuli: ex.losing a loved one or being fired from a
job.
•Treated in a Negative Manner: Having a
painful experience, exs. being abused,
teased by peers, or school failure.
Which Strains are Most Likely to Cause Crime? - Answers-• High in Magnitude: Seen as
more severe
because of size, frequency, or threatens core goals or values
• Seen as Unjust: Voluntary or intentional harm vs. accident or due to our own behavior
• Associated with Low Social Control: Crime is more likely when bonds are weak
• Strain Creates some Pressure toward Crime: Some strains are easier resolved with
crime or connect individuals to criminal models
What are the criticisms of General Strain Theory - Answers-•Negative life events (such
as parental abuse, teasing at school, loss of a job, stressful neighborhoods etc.) are
positively associated with crime.
•Life-stressors increase feelings of anger and frustration.
•How do negative affective states translate into particular criminal/delinquent acts. Why
do some
people turn to drugs, others to fighting, others to stealing etc.?
Oppositional Subculture Theory(Macro) - Answers--Disadvantaged youth not socialized
to do well in school
•Don't learn to impress teachers and be obedient in classroom
•Frustrated by poor grades and low status
-Some create
status systems that oppose middle-class
values.
•Reject education, conventional jobs, and anyone associated
with the source of their frustration
•Break rules to reject authority
•Violence becomes the new means of achieving status
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