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OST 575 – Exam |Questions with 100% Correct Answers
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OST 575 – Exam |Questions with 100% CorrectAnswers
What is the function of the striated ducts? - ✔️✔️extensive reabsorption of Na+ or addition of K+
or HCO3-
What are the excretory ducts? what is their function? - ✔️✔️Interlobular and interlobar ducts
*EXCRETORY ONLY and drain into oral cavity*
What is the site of numerous plasma cells, the source of secreted IgA? - ✔️✔️Connective tissue
stroma
What is the salivary output of the parotid gland? - ✔️✔️25% salivary output UNSTIMULATED
70% salivary output WHEN STIMULATED by food or thinking/smelling food
What type of secreting cells is the parotid gland composed of? - ✔️✔️*100% serous secreting
cells* (secreting salivary amylase and IgA)
What is the salivary output of the submandibular gland? - ✔️✔️70% salivary output
UNSTIMULATED
25% salivary output WHEN STIMULATED by food or thinking/smelling food
What type of secreting cells in the submandibular gland composed of? - ✔️✔️mixed gland
*predominantly serous glands (90%), with rest mucous glands*
What is the salivary output of the sublingual gland? - ✔️✔️5% of salivary output
What are sublingual *mucus* secretions important for? - ✔️✔️mucin layer overlying oral mucosa
,What is the nervous stimulation of the serous cells in acini and ductal cells? what does it
produce? - ✔️✔️Parasympathetic innervation
*produces profuse, watery saliva*
What is the nervous stimulation of the mucus cells in acini?What does it produce? -
✔️✔️Sympathetic innervation
*produces viscous saliva particularly from sublingual gland*
How much of lymph is contributed by the liver? Where does this lymph originate in the liver? -
✔️✔️25-50% of lymph in body is contributed by liver
*originates in space of disse*
What are functions of the liver? - ✔️✔️role in metabolism
protein synthesis
modification of action of several hormones
formation of bile
formation of urea
hematopoesis
detoxification
storage, conversion, or activation of vitamins
Complete liver failure results in death when? - ✔️✔️within 12 hrs
What does the parenchyma of the liver consist of? - ✔️✔️series of plates of liver cells
(hepatocytes), separated by *sinusoids*
,What is the fibrous capsule of the liver that supports the vessels, nerves, and ducts? - ✔️✔️liver
stroma
What is the blood supply of the liver sinusoids? - ✔️✔️distal branches of the hepatic artery and
hepatic portal vein
What is the function of sinusoids of the liver? - ✔️✔️lined by fenestrated, discontinuous
endothelium, with discontinuous basal lamina that promotes *exchange of substances*
What is the direction of bile flow in the liver? - ✔️✔️empties into bile duct *IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTION OF BLOOD IN SINUSOIDS*
What is the region where a *hepatocyte has at least one side facing a sinusoid*? -
✔️✔️perisinusoidal region (basolateral face)
What is the feature of the cell membrane of a hepatocyte that is facing a sinusoid? -
✔️✔️numerous short microvilli to *increase membrane surface areas for absorption*
What is the thin, narrow extracellular region lying between *endothelium and hepatocytes*? -
✔️✔️Space of disse
What is the direction of lymph flow in the liver? - ✔️✔️perisinusoidal space (space of disse)-->
celiac lymph nodes--> cisterna chyli--> thoracic duct--> left venous angle--> general blood
circulation
What are the fixed macrophages that form part of the lining of the sinusoid that may extend
their processes into the space of Disse? - ✔️✔️Kupffer cells
What is the function of Kupffer cells? - ✔️✔️phagocytize old and worn out RBCs to allow
hemoglobin to be scavenged for its iron and bilirubin
, What is the function of Stellate cells? where are they found? - ✔️✔️synthesize, store, and release
Vitamin A (retinol) and other lipids. Also synthesize reticular fibers
*located space of disse, liver*
What is the pathological condition associated with stellate cells of the liver? - ✔️✔️Chronic
alcohol condition
*Kupffer cells are activated and release pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause STELLATE cells
to differentiate into myofibroblasts and produce excess ECM (type III collagen)* = fibrosis
What is the direction of bile flow compared to blood flow in sinusoids of the liver? - ✔️✔️
Emulsification of fats in the small intestine to promote fat absorption is a primary function of
what? - ✔️✔️bile
What order of ducts of the hepatocyte that bile flows through? - ✔️✔️hepatocytes--> bile
canaliculi-->bile ducts of *hering*--> interlobular bile ducts (portal triad area)--> R&L hepatic
ducts--> common hepatic ducts--> common bile duct
What are the structural functional units of the Liver? - ✔️✔️Classic liver lobule
The portal lobule
The liver acinus
What is the orientation of the classic liver lobule? - ✔️✔️Multiple Portal triads surrounded a
single central vein
What is the orientation of a portal liver lobule? - ✔️✔️Central veins surround one center portal
triad
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