Analysis, Synthesis,
and Design of
Chemical Processes
Fifth Edition
Richard Turton
Joseph A. Shaeiwitz
Debangsu Bhattacharyya
Wallace B. Whiting
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,The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this work, but make no expressed or
implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is
assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the
information or programs contained herein.
1.1 Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
Piping and Instrument Diagrams (P&ID)
(a) PFD
(b) BFD
(c) PFD or P&ID
(d) P&ID
(e) P&ID
1.2 P&ID
1.3 It is important for a process engineer to be able to review a 3-dimensional model
prior to the construction phase to check for clearance, accessibility, and layout of
equipment, piping, and instrumentation.
1.4 Things that would affect the locations of different pieces of equipment when
determining the layout of equipment in a process unit
(1) Clearance for tube bundle removal on a heat exchanger.
(2) NPSH on a pump affects the vertical separation of feed vessel and pump inlet.
(3) Accessibility of an instrument for an operator must be able to read a PI or
change/move a valve.
(4) Separation between equipment for safety reasons reactors and compressors.
(5) Crane access for removing equipment.
(6) Vertical positioning of equipment to allow for gravity flow of liquid.
(7) Hydrostatic head for thermosiphon reboiler affects height of column skirt.
1.5 Why are accurate plant models (made of plastic parts) no longer made as part of
the design process? What function did these models play and how is this function
now achieved?
Plastic models are no longer made because they are too expensive and difficult to
change/revise. These models have been replaced with virtual/e-models using 3-D
CAD. Both types of model allow revision of critical equipment and instrument
placement to ensure access, operability, and safety.
1.6 OTS = Operator Training Simulator ITS = Immersive Training Simulator
1-1
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