Exam (elaborations)
N398 Exam 1 questions with correct answers.
- Course
- Nurs 398
- Institution
- University Of Maryland - University College
N398 Exam 1 questions with correct answers.
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N398 Exam 1 questions with correct answersWhen presented with a challenge, cells experience... Correct Answer-
Adaptation, Injury, death
What are the adaptations cells can make? Correct Answer-atrophy,
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
What are the methods of cell death? Correct Answer-necrosis and
apoptosis
What is cell atrophy? Correct Answer-decrease in size that can
potentially reduce differentiated function
what is cell hypertophy? Correct Answer-increase in cell size
accompanied by augmented functional capacity
What is hyperplasia? Correct Answer-increase in number of cells
What is metaplasia? Correct Answer-replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another
What is dysplasia? Correct Answer-abnormal appearance of cells
because of abnormal variations in size, shape and arrangement
,What are examples of cellular injury? Correct Answer-ischemia,
hypoxia, nutritional, infectious and immunologic, chemical, physical and
mechanical
What is hypoxia? Correct Answer-poor oxygenation
What is ischemia? Correct Answer-interruption of blood flow
can you adapt to hypoxia and ischemia? Correct Answer-can only adapt
to ischemia
What is the mechanism of ischemia and hypoxia? Correct Answer-ATP
production in cell stalls, ATP pumps fail, Na accumulates and brings
extra water into the cell, excess calcium in the mitochondria interferes,
glycogen stores are depleted, lactate is produced, pH falls - cellular
components become dysfunctional
What are causes of reperfusion injury? Correct Answer-calcium
overload, oxidative stress, inflammation and complement activation
What is happens during calcium overload? Correct Answer-activates
enzymes that break down lipid membranes, high amounts of Ca can
cause apoptosis
What is oxidative stress? What can reverse it? Correct Answer-increased
free radicals that cause damage to chromosomes and breaks down
proteins, supposed to be counteracted with antioxidants
, How could inflammation and complement activation cause reperfusion
injury? Correct Answer-Potential injury to bringing back blood flow due
to cytokines and immune response
What causes nutritional cell injury? Correct Answer-deficiencies:
malnutrition, malabsorption
excess: obesity, diabetes
What causes chemical cell injury? Correct Answer-free radicals, heavy
metals, toxic gases, alcohol use, substance use
What are possible physical and mechanical cell injuries? Correct
Answer-temperature extremes, abrupt changes in pressure, abrasion or
trauma, electrical, radiation
What are examples of infectious and immunologic cell injuries? Correct
Answer-bacteria: endotoxins and exotoxins - cause issue with regular
cell fxn
viruses - incorporates self into host nucleus
indirect immunologic response
What intracellular accumulations can cause cell injury? Correct Answer-
excessive amounts of normal substances, accumulation of abnormal
substances produced by cells b/c of issues
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