©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS
10/10/2024 11:44 AM
NURS 331 EXAM 1 Questions With Verified
Answers.
3 parts of endocrine system - answer✔glands, hormones, and target cells
How does the endocrine system respond to stimuli? - answer✔releases hormones from endocrine
glands; target cells then read and follow the hormone's instructions, sometimes building a protein
or releasing another hormone
Hormones regulate which body functions? - answer✔reproduction, growth/development,
homeostasis, and metabolism
General characteristics all hormones share - answer✔1. rates/patterns
2. use a feedback system
3. affect target cells with specific receptors which initiate cell function/activity
4. excreted by kidneys or deactivated by the liver/cellular mechanisms
Hyposecretion - answer✔- gland releases inadequate amount of hormone to meet body needs
- causes include congential, neoplasms, disruption of blood flow, absence of enzyme needed for
synthesis, infection/inflamm/immune response
Hypersecretion - answer✔- increased hormone secretion
- causes include excessive stimulation, hyperplasia of gland, or hormone producing tumor
Hyporesponsiveness - answer✔cause the same set of clinical symptoms as hyposecretion;
usually caused by deficiency of receptors (Type 2 DM)
Hypothalamus Function - answer✔regulates hormone secretion from major endocrine organs
(not pancreas or parathyroid); primary organ concerned with homeostasis; sends hormones to
anterior or posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus synthesizes - answer✔ADH and oxytocin
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10/10/2024 11:44 AM
Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the __________ and stored in the __________. -
answer✔hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
Oxytocin (OT) - answer✔increases intensity of labor (contraction of uterine smooth muscle)
Pitocin - answer✔derivative of oxytocin; initiates and speeds labor as well as stimulates
contraction of milk ducts causing milk to flow into nipples
What stimulates the release of ADH? - answer✔increased plasma osmolality sensed by
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
ADH makes you ___ water - answer✔retain
Why is ADH also called vasopressin? - answer✔ADH increases peripheral resistance by
vasoconstriction
How does ADH aid in the control of blood volume? - answer✔acts on kidneys to absorb more
water back in the blood
SIADH - answer✔- Patho: Excessive ADH secretion=excessive water retention; characterized by
decreased urine output with concentrated urine hyperosmolality while blood is diluted and serum
osmolaity is low
- Causes: tumors of the CNS, certain drugs, cancers, common with critical illness and surgery
- Symptoms: cells swell (confusion, seizures, coma), hyponatremia, thirst, edema, anorexia,
impaired taste, crackles, fatigue, and dulled sensation
- Treatment: fluid restriction, diuretics, hypertonic IV 3% saline (for hyponatremia); usually
resolves in 2-3 days
Hypervolemia triggers what compensatory mechanism? - answer✔Release of ANP which causes
urination with concentrated sodium
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) - answer✔-Patho: decreased ADH secretion or decreased response to
ADH = excessive water excretion as dilute urine and the retention of sodium (blood is
concentrated)
- Causes: injury to pituitary gland, brain tumors, damage to renal tubular cells, or pharmacologic
agents
- Sympoms: polyuria (15L in 24hrs), thirst, nocturia, low specific gravity of urine (dilute),
hypernatremia, neuro symptoms from dehydration of cells
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- Treatment: Vasopressins (DDAVP- Desmopressin) BID as nasal spray for rest of life, correct
dehydration with hypotonic IV fluid, prevent clots
Nursing Implications of Vasopressin - answer✔- Monitor fluid and electrolytes, water
intoxication (drowsiness, listlessness, headache)
- Assess for vasoconstrictive affects (angina, HTN, gangrene)
- Assess compliance (life long admin of nasal spray or tablet for enuresis)
- Take daily weight and monitor I&O
Vasopressin - answer✔Used to normalize urinary water excretion in pts with DI or used for
childhood enuresis; caution with CAD or PVD b/c its a strong vasoconstrictor
Anterior Pituitary secretes - answer✔somatotropin hormones, growth hormone, prolactin, TSH,
ACTH, FSH, and Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Growth Hormone - answer✔released from anterior pituitary in response to GHRF from the
hypothalamus; promotes protein deposits that are essential for growth; increases mobilization of
fatty acids; decreases glucose utilization and increased insulin resistance(increase blood sugar);
has no specific target organ
Growth Hormone Deficiency - answer✔- Causes: decreased secretion of GHRF/GH, tumors,
radiation, or trauma
- Symptoms: impairs normal growth and development in infants, children, and adolescents
- Treatment: synthetic GH subq injections 3-7 days a week prior to closure of the growth plate
(epiphyseal plate)
Sermorelin - answer✔medication that acts like natural GhRF; used for treatment in GH
deficiency in individuals with a functioning pituitary; height and weight and glucose should be
monitored
Types of GH Excess - answer✔gigantism and acromegaly
Gigantism - answer✔a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the
early years of life; individuals will reach 7-9ft tall
Acromegaly - answer✔- Patho: GH excess occuring in the 4th-5th decade of life with increased
bone density and width of bones enlarge; has diabetogenic effect that tends to increase blood
sugar
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- Symptoms: enlarged tongue, interstsitual edema, HTN, left sided HF, course skin/body hair,
enlarged facial bones/hands/feet, profusion of jaw and forehead, barrel chest with arthritis, nerve
damage, enlarged sebaceous/sweat glands
- Treatment: remove adenoma, radiation therapy, pharmocologic (sandostatin)
Octreotide (Sandostatin) - answer✔synthetic somatostatin used to stop GH release
Hormones produced by the thyroid - answer✔T3, T4, calcitonin
Many tissues in the body convert ____ to ____ - answer✔T4 to T3 because T3 is the more active
form of thyroid hormone
Need adequate __________ supply in diet for thyroid hormone production d/t thyroid gland
needing this in blood to MAKE thyroid hormone. - answer✔iodine
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - answer✔released from hypothalamus when thyroid
levels are low then promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin
(PRL) from anterior pituitary
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - answer✔stimulates all aspects of thyroid function,
including release of T3 and T4 while working on a negative feedback loop (increased T3/T4
decrease TSH release)
Function of Thyroid Hormones - answer✔1. protein synthesis
2. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) = rate of BODY'S heat production & energy expenditure
3. Gluconeogenesis & cellular uptake of glucose
4. Force & rate of cardiac contractions
5. Normal CNS development
6. Target cell/beta-receptors responsiveness to catecholamines, increases HR & causes
heightened emotional response
Goiter - answer✔- Patho: enlarged thyroid gland; appears in hypo or hyper function of the
thyroid
- Causes: enlarges in attempt to produce sufficient ammounts of thyroid hormones or in response
to overproduction of hormones; iodine deficiency
Iodine and the Thyroid - answer✔Low iodine: production of thyroid hormones decreases,
promoting the release of TSH which makes thyroid size increase (goiter)
