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The Atlas of Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease

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The Atlas of Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease represents an exciting and important new contribution to the feld of pediatric/congenital cardiology. Written by veteran and acclaimed pediatric and adult cardiologists, Drs. Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl, this atlas i...

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  • October 18, 2024
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Exammate
Atlas of
Echocardiography
in Pediatrics and
Congenital Heart Diseases


Maryam Moradian
Azin Alizadehasl
Editors




123

,Atlas of Echocardiography in Pediatrics
and Congenital Heart Diseases

,Maryam Moradian • Azin Alizadehasl
Editors




Atlas of Echocardiography in
Pediatrics and Congenital
Heart Diseases

,Editors
Maryam Moradian Azin Alizadehasl
Pediatric Cardiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Department of Cardio-Oncology and
Medical & Research Center Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular
Iran University of Medical Sciences Medical & Research Center
Tehran Iran University of Medical Sciences
Iran Tehran
Iran




ISBN 978-3-662-62340-4    ISBN 978-3-662-62341-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62341-1

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany

,Foreword




The Atlas of Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease represents an excit-
ing and important new contribution to the field of pediatric/congenital cardiology. Written by
veteran and acclaimed pediatric and adult cardiologists, Drs. Maryam Moradian and Azin
Alizadehasl, this atlas is far from comprehensive—in fact, it is far more valuable than that.
With a distinctly clinical approach, and based on the authors’ extensive experience in the field
of pediatric and congenital echocardiography, the text examines the pertinent echocardio-
graphic findings encountered in the most common forms of pediatric and congenital heart
disease. With beautifully illustrative smartly selected figures throughout the atlas, the authors
choose to focus on echocardiographic areas of particular clinical interest—with special atten-
tion to areas that are most important and perhaps most challenging to evaluate correctly. What
are the most important fetal echocardiographic clues to the diagnosis of tetralogy of fallot?
What are the key echocardiographic findings to prognosticate in children with Ebstein’s anom-
aly of the tricuspid valve? How does transesophageal and/or 3D echocardiography contribute
to the evaluation of patients with mitral valve pathology? Rather than attempt an exhaustive
review of the field, the authors provide an insightful series of clinically important hints and
clues on how/why to evaluate the most common forms of heart disease in the fetus, child, and
young adult. The result is a clinically invaluable tool for all of those who perform/interpret
pediatric/congenital echocardiography—written in a refreshingly conversational and easy-to-­
read style, but covering a wide range of vitally important concepts of the most common forms
of congenital/pediatric heart disease. This innovative and practical new atlas is certain dramati-
cally to improve the real world, clinical practice of pediatric/congenital echocardiography,
from the fetus to the adult.

Mark S. Sklansky
Professor and Chief, Pediatric Cardiology
Co-Director, Pediatric/Congenital Heart Program
Medical Director, UCLA Children’s Heart Center
Director, UCLA Fetal Cardiology Program
UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,
Los Angeles, CA, USA




v

,Preface




Nowadays, figure-based books are receiving more attention. All the chapters of this book deal
with a specific diagnosis of cardiovascular disease using educative and attractive echocardio-
graphic figures of pediatric cardiology. Almost all of the figures are not simply a single good
illustration, but rather they are a sequence of images prepared and gathered from our patients
with the problem being demonstrated showing the necessary features for the diagnosis and its
severity.
The target group of this book is both those who are new to the field of pediatric cardiology
and those who are skilled in different areas of this field. This is not intended to be a textbook,
but it is a practical figure-based guide to all medical students, cardiology residents, fellows in
different aspects of pediatric cardiology such as echocardiography, interventional cardiology,
and cardiac surgeons. Of course, this atlas can be helpful for adult echocardiography fellows
and also adult congenital heart disease fellows.
All of the images of different chapters used in this book were collected by our colleagues/
authors whom we owe a great debt. As the adult population with congenital heart disease is
increasing rapidly, in this Atlas we used both options of displaying the apical and subcostal
views, regarding cardiac apex, to be more useful for both pediatric and adult cardiologists.
Our thanks go to all our families who understand the importance of the time spent for pre-
paring and writing this book.
Special appreciation and thanks to Springer company, Grant Weston, and Anand
Shanmugam for their editorial assistance in the preparation of the content of the book.

Tehran, Iran Maryam Moradian
Tehran, Iran  Azin Alizadehasl




vii

,Contents




1 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   1
Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl
2 Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)���������������������������������������������������������������������   5
Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl
3 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������   9
Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl
4 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Azin Alizadehasl and Maryam Moradian
5 Aortopulmonary Window Defect (AP Window) ����������������������������������������������������� 17
Maryam Moradian
6 Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)��������� 19
Maryam Moradian
7 Coronary Artery Fistula (CAF) or Coronary Cameral Fistula����������������������������� 21
Maryam Moradian
8 Aortic-Left Ventricular Defect (Tunnel)������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Maryam Moradian
9 Cranial Arteriovenous Malformation (Cranial AV Malformation)����������������������� 27
Maryam Moradian
10 Malposition of Septum Primum ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Maryam Moradian
11 Anomalies of the Pulmonary Venous Connections [Total (TAPVC)
& Partial (PAPVC)] ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
Maryam Moradian and Shamsi Ghaffari
12 Cortriatriatum Sinister ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
Maryam Moradian
13 Scimitar Syndrome����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41
Maryam Moradian
14 Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava (LSVC) ����������������������������������������������������������� 43
Azin Alizadehasl and Maryam Moradian
15 Interrupted Inferior Vena Cava��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47
Azin Alizadehasl and Maryam Moradian
16 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF/TF)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51
Maryam Moradian and Shamsi Ghaffari



ix

,x Contents

17 Tetralogy of Fallot with Absence of the Pulmonary Valve ������������������������������������� 55
Maryam Moradian
18 Ebstein’s Malformation of Tricuspid Valve ������������������������������������������������������������� 59
Maryam Moradian, Feridoun Noohi, and Azin Alizadehasl
19 Tricuspid Atresia��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
Maryam Moradian
20 Congenital Dysplasia of the Tricuspid Valve ����������������������������������������������������������� 67
Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl
21 UHL Anomaly������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Shamsi Ghaffari, Azin Alizadehasl, and Maryam Moradian
22 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71
Shamsi Ghaffari and Maryam Moradian
23 Critical Pulmonary Stenosis (Critical PS) ��������������������������������������������������������������� 75
Maryam Moradian
24 Double-Chambered Right Ventricle (DCRV) or Right Ventricular
Muscle Bundle (RVMB)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77
Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl
25 Supravalvar Pulmonary Stenosis, and Peripheral Pulmonary
Stenosis (PPS) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79
Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl
26 Pulmonary Valve Atresia, Intact Ventricular Septum (PA IVS)
or Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome (HRHS) ����������������������������������������������������� 81
Shamsi Ghaffari and Maryam Moradian
27 Pulmonary Atresia with VSD (PA-VSD) or Tetralogy of Fallot
and Pulmonary Valve Atresia (TF-PA)��������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Maryam Moradian
28 Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV) ������������������������������������������������������������������� 89
Maryam Moradian
29 Truncus Arteriosus����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 93
Maryam Moradian
30 Mitral Valve Diseases, Congenital and Acquired����������������������������������������������������� 97
Majid Maleki, Feridoun Noohi, Maryam Moradian,
and Azin Alizadehasl
31 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries (CCTGA)��������������� 105
Maryam Moradian and Azin Alizadehasl
32 Transposition of Great Arteries (Simple TGA/dTGA) ������������������������������������������� 109
Maryam Moradian
33 Aortic Stenosis (AS) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113
Azin Alizadehasl and Maryam Moradian
34 Aortic Arch Anomalies����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117
Feridoun Noohi, Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl,
and Maryam Moradian
35 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)������������������������������������������������������������� 123
Maryam Moradian

,Contents xi

36 Kawasaki Disease (KD) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 127
Maryam Moradian
37 Cardiomyopathies������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
Azin Alizadehasl, Majid Maleki, Feridoun Noohi, Mohammad Mehdi
Peighambari, and Maryam Moradian
38 Pericardial Diseases ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139
Azin Alizadehasl, Majid Maleki, Feridoun Noohi,
and Maryam Moradian
39 Cardiac Mass and Mass-Like Structures����������������������������������������������������������������� 143
Maryam Moradian
40 Cardiac Malposition��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149
Maryam Moradian
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 153

, Contributors




Azin Alizadehasl, MD, FACC, FASE Department of Cardio-Oncology and Research Center,
Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical & Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
Shamsi Ghaffari, MD Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz
University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Majid Maleki, MD Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular,
Medical & Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Moradian, MD Pediatric Cardiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical & Research
Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Feridoun Noohi, MD Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular,
Medical & Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran




xiii

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