NRSG 421: Cardiac Output Exam Questions With Verified Answers.
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Course
NRSG 421
Institution
NRSG 421
NRSG 421: Cardiac Output Exam Questions
With Verified Answers.
What does it mean when someone has a decreased cardiac output? - answerInadequate blood
pumped by the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body
What conditions might cause a decrease in cardiac output? - answerMI, HTN, valvula...
NRSG 421: Cardiac Output Exam Questions
With Verified Answers.
What does it mean when someone has a decreased cardiac output? - answer✔Inadequate blood
pumped by the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body
What conditions might cause a decrease in cardiac output? - answer✔MI, HTN, valvular heart
disease, congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid
volume and electrolyte imbalances
What is a major cause of coronary artery disease (patho)? - answer✔Atherosclerosis
What is atherosclerosis? - answer✔- The hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty
deposits (421)
- Soft deposits of fat that harden with age (226)
Fatty deposits (atheromas) have a preference for _____________ arteries? - answer✔___
coronary___
What are the basic stages of atheroma development? - answer✔1) Fatty streak in artery (lipid-
filled smooth muscle cells)
2) Raised fibrous plaque (LDLs and platelets stimulate smooth muscle proliferation and
thickening, transport cholesterol into intama, collagen covers the fatty streak and forms fibrous
plaque)
3) Complicated lesion (platelets accumulate to form thrombus, instability of fibrous lesion may
result in instability, ulceration and rupture)
True or false...
A complicated lesion only partially occludes the affected artery - answer✔False
Describe the pathophysiology coronary artery disease? - answer✔- Increased serum LDL and
cholesterol levels and migration of monocytes
- Monocytes accumulate lipids and become foam cells this causes fatty streaks within the blood
vessel
- Endothelium breaks and accumulates platelets
- Vasoconstriction leads to hypertrophy of vessel walls
- Nitric oxide is inhibited by increased insulin levels, nicotine and HTN
- Decreased ability of blood vessel to vasodilate
- Narrowed hardened arteries
- Coronary artery disease
What are some non-modifiable risk factors of CAD? (this is a 226 question) - answer✔-
Increasing age
- Sex (more common in men until women reach age 65)
- Ethnicity (more common in caucasian people
- Genetic predisposition and family history
What are some major modifiable risk factors of CAD? (this is a 226 question) - answer✔-
Elevated serum lipid levels (high, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and reduced HDL)
- HTN
- Tobacco use
- Physical inactivity
- Obesity
What are some contributing modifiable risk factors for CAD? (this is a 226 question) - answer✔-
Diabetes
- Metabolic syndrome
- Psychological states (stress, anxiety, etc)
- Increased homocysteine levels
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