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Summary Unit 1 APES Review
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Complete review of APES Unit 1. Contains topics from all chapters.
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Ecology and Levels of OrganizationUnderstanding Ecology
● Ecology is the study of connections between biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving)
components in an ecosystem.
● It explores how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
● Example: Studying how the population of a predator species affects the
population of its prey.
Levels of Organization
● Biosphere: Includes parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found.
● Ecosystem: A community of different species interacting with each other and
their nonliving environment.
● Community: Populations of different species living in a particular place.
● Organism: An individual living being.
Example: In a forest ecosystem, trees, animals, fungi, and bacteria interact with each other and their physical
surroundings.
Habitat vs. Niche
● Habitat: The specific location where a species could live.
● Niche: Refers to a species' role in its environment, including preferred habitat,
position in the food web, and behaviors like mating and eating.
, ● Competitive Exclusion Principle: States that no two species can occupy the
same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
● Resource Partitioning: The division of limited resources by species to avoid
competition in an ecological niche.
● Example: Different bird species in a forest may feed on insects at different times
of the day to reduce competition.
Symbiosis and Biomes
Symbiotic Relationships
● Symbiosis involves a close and long-term interaction between two species in an
ecosystem.
● Mutualism: Both species benefit (+/+), such as bees pollinating flowers for
nectar.
● Commensalism: One species benefits while the other is unaffected (+/0), like
barnacles living on whales.
● Parasitism: One species benefits at the expense of the other (+/-), as seen in
parasites like ticks and malaria.
Terrestrial Biomes
● Tundra: Cold, treeless biome with permafrost and low-growing vegetation.
● Taiga (Boreal Forest): Dominated by coniferous trees, cold climate, and
nutrient-poor soil.
● Temperate Rainforest: Moderate temperatures, high precipitation, and large
trees.
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