Exam (elaborations)
AP Euro ID-s Unit 4 Questions and Answers
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Exam of 5 pages for the course AP European at AP European (AP Euro ID-s Unit 4)
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AP Euro ID's Unit 4Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - answer- English materialist/ political philosopher who
advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve
problems caused by the selfishness of humans
- wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish;
believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society
Leviathan - answer Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that
sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by
implicit contract.
John Locke - answer-English philosopher
-advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which the government serves the people
-people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
First and Second Treatises of Government - answer- rejected arguments for absolute
government that based political authority on patriarchal model
- portrayed the natural human state as one of perfect freedom and equality in which
everyone enjoyed natural rights, liberty, and property
philosophes - answer- thinkers or philosophers of the Enlightenment
- sought to apply the rules of reason, criticism, and common sense to nearly all major
institutions, economic practices, and religious policies
Montesquieu - answer- concluded that no single set of political laws could apply to
people at all times in all places
- wanted division of power in government
- believed that monarchs should be subject to constitutional limits
Spirit of the Laws - answer- saw British constitution as the wisest model for regulating
the power of government
- stated that the best form of government for a nation varied depending on the nation's
size, population, social and religious customs
Voltaire - answer- French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of
Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance
Candide - answerVoltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe
Rousseau - answerbelieved people in their natural state were basically good but that
they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property
, The Social Contract - answerRousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system
depending on the nations
Emile - answerBook by Jean Jacques Rousseau that spelled out the principles of
education according to which the child was allowed to follow his or her own path of
intellectual development
Denis Diderot - answer- French philosopher who was a leading figure of the
Enlightenment in France
- edited and published the first edition of the Encyclopedia
Encylopedia - answer- Written by Denis Diderot
- most popular work during Enlightenment
- included advanced ideas on philosophy, religion, and government
Salons - answerInformal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and
others exchanged ideas
Cesare Beccaria - answerbelieved that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and
public trials, and that capital punishment should be done away with completely
On Crimes and Punishment - answer-Beccaria
-people had a right to a speedy trial
-punishments should fit the crime
-reform of the criminal justice system
Baruch Spinoza - answer- Jewish philosophe was condemned by his contemporaries
for so closely identifying the spiritual and natural world
Moses Mendelsohn - answer- Jewish philosopher, named the "Jewish Socrates"
- argued for both extensive religious toleration and for maintaining the religious
distinction of Jewish communities
Physiocrats - answerFrench economic reformers who believed the primary role of
government was to protect property and to permit it owners to use it freely
Adam Smith - answerEconomist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics
The Wealth of Nations - answerwritten by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-
market economy, and supply-and-demand economics
laissez faire - answerthe doctrine that states that government generally should not
intervene in the marketplace
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