In creating a "holding environment" and a "good enough mothering
experience" an art therapist is most closely following the principles of which
of the following theorists? Right Ans - Winnicott
Theorists: Kramer Right Ans - follower of the teachings of Sigmund Freud-
especially the idea of sublimation. Psychoanalytic theorist, believed in
understanding the unconscious impact of thoughts and feelings. She also put
forth the notion that the healing factor of successful art therapy was found
within the art process, and believed that the gratification achieved from the
outcome of the final art product benefits the individual undergoing art
therapy
Theorist: Jung Right Ans - Developed analytical psychology. Developed
archetypes. Each of these archetypes exists within every human, as they are
part of the collective unconscious.
Jung Archetypes: persona archetype Right Ans - is the part of ourselves
that shows up in our daily interactions
Jung Archetypes: shadow Right Ans - represents sexuality, primal instincts,
and the darker parts of our life that we tend to avoid sharing with the world
Jung Archetypes: anima and animus Right Ans - account for how gender
roles show up in our lives, with the anima representing how the male psyche
conceptualizes the feminine and the animus representing how the female
psyche conceptualizes the masculine.
Jung Archetypes: self Right Ans - is our truest essence of being. It is who we
are when we have integrated our subconscious with the conscious
Theorist: Karen Horney Right Ans - believed that environment and social
upbringing, rather than intrinsic factors, largely lead to neurosis. Neurosis
results from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. Horney
viewed neuroses as coping mechanisms that are a large part of normal life.
She identified ten neuroses, including the need for power, affection, social
prestige, and independence.
, Victor Lowenfeld Stages of Artistic Development: scribble stage Right Ans -
ages 1-3. No connection in drawings and no relation to real objects. May give
name to scribble by end of stage. Mostly the act of engaging in art making
rather than realism.
Preschematic Stage Right Ans - age 3-4; the second stage in children's art
development, which is marked by attempts to represent familiar objects in the
environment. First stage where children start to communicate through art.
Schematic Stage Right Ans - 5-6 years. Defined order in creating a drawing.
Clear separation between land and sky. Objects often placed on ground rather
than floating in space. Objects of importance are drawn larger.
Dawning Realism Right Ans - 7 to 9 year olds children become more critical
of art work, more complex schemas and overlapping can be seen.
Pseudonaturalistic Stage Right Ans - 10-13. value and light can be seen.
success is determined by level of realism. Frustration is common,
encouragement is needed.
Decision Stage Right Ans - 13-16 most critical. Children either continue or
view as activity without merit. Most critical stage of development.
Eriksonian Stages of Psychosocial Development: Trust Vs. Mistrust Right
Ans - age 0-2 developing a sense of trust in the world and those who are
supposed to take care of them.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Right Ans - age 2-4 developing a sense of
independence and personal control
Initiative vs. Guilt Right Ans - 4-5 developing a sense of purpose and
motivation to try new things.
Industry vs. Inferiority Right Ans - 5-12 success leads to feelings of
competance.
Identity vs. Role Confusion Right Ans - 12-19 developing a strong sense of
self
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