USAHS CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 1 AND 2
NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE
ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY
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EXAM 1
What makes up the central nervous system? - ANSWERBrain and spinal cord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system? - ANSWERCN and ganglia
Spinal nerves and ganglia
Enteric nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What are the 5 steps of embryological development of the nervous system? -
ANSWERNeurulation
Cell proliferation
Migration and aggregation
Formation of axonal and dendritic processes
,Synatopgenesis
What is neurulation? - ANSWERFormation of the neural crest and neural tube
(1st step of nervous system development)
What is the 2nd step of nervous system development? - ANSWERCell proliferation
within the nerual tube
What is the 3rd step of nervous system development? - ANSWERMigration and
aggregation of cells within definitive locations
What is the 4th step of nervous system development? - ANSWERFormation and axonal
and dendritic processes
What is synatopgenesis? - ANSWERConnections between nerve cell to nerve cells or
muscle cells (final step of nervous system development)
On day 14, the embryo undergoes gasturlation and forms the building blocks of our
nervous system. What are the 3 parts to this ? - ANSWEREctoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
The entire nervous system is derived from what structure? - ANSWEREmbryonic
ectoderm
What is the embryo called at day 14 of development? day 21? and day 28? -
ANSWERGastrula
Notochord
Neural tube
The nerual crest cells form most of what nervous system? - ANSWERPeripheral
nervous system
What are some deficits or concerns of embryological development of the nervous
system? - ANSWERFailure of posterior neruopore to close- spina bifida
Failure of anterior neruopore to close- anencephaly
What is anencephaly? - ANSWERFailure of anterior neruopore to close during
embryological development
,Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the prosencephalon, that develops
during stage 1; neurulation - ANSWERSubdivisions: Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Derivates --> Cavities:
Rhinoencephalon --> Lateral ventrical
Thalmus, hypothalmus, optic nerves, neruophyophysis, pineal gland --> third ventricle
Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the mesencephalon, that develops
during stage 1; neurulation - ANSWERSubdivisions: Mesencephalon
Derivates: Midbrain
Cavities: Cerebral aquaduct
Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the rhombencephalon, that
develops during stage 1; neurulation - ANSWERSubdivisions: Metencephalon and
Myelencephalon
Derivates: Cerebellum, pons and medula
Cavities: Fourth ventricle
Describe the subdivisions, derivates and cavities of the primitve nerual tube, that
develops during stage 1; neurulation - ANSWERSubdivisions: Neural crest and tube
What are the 2 primary flexures that help contain and align the neural tube within the
closed skull - ANSWERCephalic flexure (1st to develop)
Cervical flexure (2nd to develop)
What divides the neural tube into a ventral and dorsal half? - ANSWERSulcus limitans
What is the dorsal portion of the neural tube called when the sulcus limitans divides the
tube in half during cell proliferation? - ANSWERAlar plate
The alar plate is the future site for what tracts? - ANSWERSensory neurons and tracts
What is the ventral portion of the neural tube called when the sulcus limitans divides the
tube in half during cell proliferation? - ANSWERBasilar plate
, (future site for efferent more portion)
What are the 3 layers the neural tube divides into during cell proliferation? -
ANSWEREpendymal or germinal layer (lining of central canal and ventricles)
Intermediate or mantle layer
(gray matter of spinal cord)
Marginal layer
(white matter)
During stage 3 of nervous system development, cells begin to migrate. What are the 2
types of migration? - ANSWERRadial migration
Tangenital migration
Describe the difference between radial and tangential migration - ANSWERRadial
migration- Occurs from spinal cord through telencephalon. Uses radial glial cells
Tangential migration- Occurs within structures of brainstem. Shorter distances of
neurons are moved later in development
What dfects may occur due to problems with migration of nervous system
development? - ANSWERDyslexia
Lissencephaly- lesser intelligence, due to lack of infolding
What happens during stage 4, cell differentiation of nervous system development? -
ANSWERFormation of axonal and dendritic processes
Development of cranial nerves
What are the 1st cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? -
ANSWERSwallow and gag nerves:
CN 5, 7, 9, 10 and 12
What are the 2nd cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? -
ANSWERVisual motor system:
CN 2, 3, 4 and 6
What are the 3rd cranial nerves to develop during cellular proliferation? -
ANSWERHearing:
CN 8
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