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NUR 108 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) HYPERTENSION | GRADED A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (SOLVED)
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NUR 108 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) HYPERTENSION | GRADED A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (SOLVED)
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NUR 108 Hypertension1. Blood pressure (BP)
Answer
is the force exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessel and is the function of cardiac
output, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance.
2. Cardiac output (CO)
Answer
- The total blood flow through the systemic or pulmonary circulation each minute.
3. Stroke volume (SV)-
Answer
The amount if blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat (approximately 70 ml of
blood) multiplied by the heart rate (HR)
4. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Answer
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is the force opposing the movement of blood within the
blood vessels. The radius of the small arteries and arterioles is the principal factor determining
SVR.
• Narrowing of any of the blood vessels increases resistance
• Dilating of blood vessels decreases resistance Small changes in the radius of the arterioles
creates major changes in SVR
5. Cardiovascular Control Center
Answer
Cardiovascular Control Center is part of the autonomic nervous system located in the Medulla
Oblongata responsible for regulation of cardiac output. It is made up of three distinct
components
,cardio-accelerator center, cardio-inhibitor center, vasomotor center.
6. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Answer
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) cardio-accelerator center stimulates cardiac function,
regulates heart rate(HR) and Stroke volume (SV)
7. Parasympathetic Nervous System(PNS)
Answer
Parasympathetic Nervous Sys- tem(PNS) cardio-inhibitor center (stimulated from the vagus
nerve) slows cardiac function, and decreases HR and SV. Example
Carotid massage.
8. Vasomotor center-
Answer
Vasomotor center- controls vessel tone or contraction of the smooth muscle in the vascular
endothelium (tunica media). Changes in diameter affect peripheral vascular resistance, pressure
and flow which in turn affect cardiac output.
9. Baroreceptors
Answer
Baroreceptors detect changes in the tension of the arterial wall and send signals from the
baroreceptors to the medulla to regulate BP
EX
Answer
located in aortic arch and carotid sinus
10. Baroreceptor reflex he barorecep-
Answer
Baroreceptor Reflex Signals are sent from t tors to the medulla to regulate BP
, 11. afferent pathway
Answer
Afferent pathway - carry signals from the periphery to the central nervous system (autonomic
nervous system comprising of sympathetic and parasympathetic)
12. Efferent Pathway
Answer
Efferent Pathway - carry signals from the brain to the periph- ery
13. vascular endothelium
Answer
the single layer that lines blood vessels
14. Nitric Oxide
Answer
secreted by endothelial cells causes vasodilation
15. Sympathetic Nervous System
Answer
- fight or flight
- prepares the body for stress
-cortisol and adrenaline
-increases HR and blood pressure
-decreases digestion
16. parasympthetic nervous system
Answer
-rest and digest
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