Exam (elaborations)
NUR 108 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (SOLVED)
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NUR 108 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (SOLVED)
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NUR 108 Exam 11. Hyperplasia
Answer
increase in number of cells
2. Hypertrophy
Answer
increase in cell size
3. Dysplasia
Answer
bizarre growth causing cells of different size, shape, and arrangment
4. Neoplasia
Answer
new cell growth not needed for normal body cell growth
5. Anaplasia
Answer
without shape or differentiation
cells loose the specific appearance of parent cell and become poorly defined
6. Metastasis
Answer
cancer cells move from primary location to remote sites
7. Local Seeding
Answer
, shredding of cancer cells in a local area - ie ovarian cancer surgery is very precious as any cells
left behind will seed more cancer
8. Bloodborne Metastasis
Answer
Blood vessels penetrate tumor and cells are transport- ed throughout the body
9. Lymphatic Spread
Answer
tumor penetrated the lymphatic system, most common with head, neck, and groin cancers
where there are more lymphatic cells
10. BenignTumors
Answer
Well differentiated, slow rate of growth, normal mitosis, usually cohesive, well defined borders,
encapsulated, no metastasis, doesn't recur
11. Malignant Tumors
Answer
Anaplasia, erratic growth, numerous mitosis, locally inva- sive, metastasis is common, can recur
12. Diagnosis of Cancer
Answer
Colorectal screening, mamogram, PAP smear and HPV test, Prostate Exam, DRE, PSA, Tumor
Marker Tests, Imagine (PET and CT scans) Direct Visualization
13. Grading Tumor
Answer
Describes how malignant the cancer is, directs the prognosis and the therapy.
14. Grade 1 Tumor
Answer
, tumor cells well differentiated; close resemblance to tissue of origin and, thus, retaining some
specialized functions
15. Grade 4 Tumor
Answer
tumor cells very poorly differentiated; abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the
tumor's tissue origin is difficult; extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells
16. Tumor Staging
Answer
determines the exact location of cancer and the degree of metastasis
17. Stage 3
Answer
The tumor has spread into the lymphones
18. Stage 4
Answer
Tumor has spread from lymph to distant parts
19. T, N, M
Answer
T = Primary Tumor Stage N = regional Lymph nodes involved M = distant metastasis
Tis, N0, M0 is the best grade
20. Cancer and Viruses
Answer
Viruses disrupt the normal growth and division of cells in a host, cause abnormal growth and
create tumours
HPV = Herpes Virus = Cervical, Head, Neck, Throat Cancers
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