NAU BIO 181 Final (Schonauer) Questions With Answers Graded A+ Assured Success
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Course
NAU BIO 181
Institution
NAU BIO 181
A nucleotide consists of___________? - ️️A phosphate group, a nitrogen base, and
a 5-carbon sugar.
Polymerization requires energy from what? - ️️Active nucleotides or nucleotide
triphosphates such as (aTP, tTP, cTP, gTP, uTP)
Deoxyribose has a H at the 2' and is in - ️️DNA
Ribose h...
NAU BIO 181 Final (Schonauer)
A nucleotide consists of___________? - ✔️✔️A phosphate group, a nitrogen base, and
a 5-carbon sugar.
Polymerization requires energy from what? - ✔️✔️Active nucleotides or nucleotide
triphosphates such as (aTP, tTP, cTP, gTP, uTP)
Deoxyribose has a H at the 2' and is in - ✔️✔️DNA
Ribose has a OH at the 2' and is in - ✔️✔️RNA
Cytosine is a - ✔️✔️Pyrimidine
Uracil only exists in RNA and is a - ✔️✔️Pyrimidine
Thymine only exists in DNA and is a - ✔️✔️Pyrimidine
Pyrimidines are __________ than purines - ✔️✔️smaller
Purines are __________ than pyrimidines - ✔️✔️larger
Guanine is a - ✔️✔️Purine
Adenine is a - ✔️✔️Purine
Nucleic acids are - ✔️✔️polymers
A nucleoside only consists of what two things? - ✔️✔️5-carbon sugars and the nitrogen
base
The sugar-phosphate backbone is what type of bond? - ✔️✔️A phospho-diester bond
What is the polarity of a nucleotide chain? - ✔️✔️5'-3'
Polymerization requires energy from where? - ✔️✔️Energy already in the system.
How many H bonds in: A➝T - ✔️✔️2
How many H bonds in: G➝C - ✔️✔️3
How many strands of DNA are in one chromosome? - ✔️✔️2
,What is the main difference between RNA and DNA? - ✔️✔️RNA is single stranded
whereas DNA is double stranded
How is DNA replicated? - ✔️✔️Replication is semiconservative, which means that
teach strands is a template.
The leading strands synthesis would barely be affected.
When is DNA is reactive? - ✔️✔️When it is single-stranded
Where does overhang of DNA exist? - ✔️✔️At the 3' end of the lagging strand.
What are the ends of chromosomes called? - ✔️✔️Telomeres
What enzyme prevents shortening? - ✔️✔️Telomerase
Why are cancer cells are immortal? - ✔️✔️Because they have active telomerase.
What does DNA polymerase proofreading do? - ✔️✔️They just kinda "backspace"
What does DNA mismatch repair do? - ✔️✔️Enzymes will "chop out" the problem, then
DNA Polymerase III puts in the right one.
What does nucleotide excision repair do? - ✔️✔️A small region of the strand
surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix. The small gap left in the DNA
helix is filled in by polymerase and DNA ligase.
What can cause mutations? - ✔️✔️•UV light
•X-rays
•Chemicals
Transcription goes from - ✔️✔️DNA to RNA
Translation goes from - ✔️✔️DNA to Proteins
What is a gene? - ✔️✔️Stretches of DNA that code for a protein or functional RNA
What is a genotype determined by? - ✔️✔️The sequence of bases in it's DNA
One gene encodes how many proteins? - ✔️✔️1
mRNA connects DNA to what? - ✔️✔️Proteins
,How many amino acids are there? - ✔️✔️20
How many DNA base codes are there? - ✔️✔️4
What are codons? - ✔️✔️Groups of 3 bases
Every three bases codes for how many amino acids? - ✔️✔️1
What is a phenotype? - ✔️✔️An organism's observed properties
What is an allele? - ✔️✔️An alternative form of a gene
DNA is ___________ into RNA - ✔️✔️transcribed
RNA is ___________ into proteins - ✔️✔️Translated
The transcribed region goes from____________? - ✔️✔️the end of the promoter to the
end of the terminator
What is the first stage of transcription? - ✔️✔️Initiation
What is the second stage of transcription? - ✔️✔️Elongation
What is the third stage of transcription? - ✔️✔️Termination
Sigma is necessary for - ✔️✔️transcription in prokaryotes
In prokaryotes, when does transcription end? - ✔️✔️When a hairpin loop is formed
When transcription in prokaryotes ends it is now______? - ✔️✔️A mature mRNA that's
ready for translation
There is no sigma for - ✔️✔️transcription in eukaryotes
Basal Transcription factors are necessary for - ✔️✔️transcription in eukaryotes
In eukaryotes, how does transcription end? - ✔️✔️A poly (A) signal causes termination.
After transcription in eukaryotes ends, is it a mature mRNA? - ✔️✔️no
RNA processing in eukaryotes requires - ✔️✔️splicing
Introns - ✔️✔️the non-coding regions of mRNA
, (they are IN the way)
Exons - ✔️✔️the coding regions of mRNA
(they need to be EXpressed)
Splice - ✔️✔️to join or connect
What are the purposes of the 5' cap and the poly (a) tail? - ✔️✔️•Protect mRNA from
degradation
•Initiate translation
•Facilitate export of RNA from the nucleus
What is a UTR - ✔️✔️UnTranslated Region
What to UTR's affect? - ✔️✔️•mRNA stability
•mRNA localization
•translation efficiency
In translation, what does the ribosome do? - ✔️✔️Protein Synthesis
What is the ribozyme made up of? - ✔️✔️Proteins and rRNA
rRNA catalyzes what? - ✔️✔️Protein synthesis
Transcription and translation are going at the same time - ✔️✔️in prokaryotes
More than one ribosome can be on a RNA at once - ✔️✔️in prokaryotes
Polyribosomes are essential to translation - ✔️✔️in prokaryotes
Mature mRNAs leave the nucleus and are translated in the cytoplasm - ✔️✔️in
eukaryotes
The polypeptide chain is an - ✔️✔️amino acid chain
What brings the amino acids to the ribosomes? - ✔️✔️tRNAs
What links the amino acids into a chain? - ✔️✔️ribosomes
What are the links between the mRNA and the Amino Acids? - ✔️✔️tRNAs
The anticodon is a tRNA and it binds to - ✔️✔️the codon of the mRNA
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