Parasitology~ EXAM 1 and answers
1. Protozoa
2. Helminths (worms)
3. Arthropods (fleas, ticks, etc.)What are the three organisms that are considered
parasites?
ParasitismRelationship between host and parasite; in or on host and is taking
nutrients or blood or other substances from h...
Parasitology~ EXAM 1 and answers
1. Protozoa
2. Helminths (worms)
3. Arthropods (fleas, ticks, etc.)✔✔What are the three organisms that are considered
parasites?
Parasitism✔✔Relationship between host and parasite; in or on host and is taking
nutrients or blood or other substances from host.
Hyperparasitism✔✔when a parasite is a host to another parasite
Pinworms
Giardiasis
Dog roundworms
Ticks✔✔what are some common parasites in the United States?
Travel
Immigration and Emigration✔✔______ transfers many parasites into the United
States.
visceral✔✔pertaining to organs
cutaneous✔✔pertaining to skin
Every animal and most plants contain at least one parasite✔✔How common are
parasites?
100% of organisms can be a host to a parasite.✔✔What percentage of organisms
can be hosts?
50% of organisms can be parasites
80% of organisms including bacteria can be parasites✔✔What percentage of
organisms are parasites?
What percentage of organisms including bacteria can be parasites?
370 species✔✔How many species can be parasites to humans?
Bacteria
Fungi
Plants
Protozoa
Animals✔✔What major groups of organisms are parasites found in?
symbiosis✔✔"living closely together", close relationship between two organisms
symbionts✔✔interacting organisms
,Phoresis✔✔travelling together; neither benefit or lose from the interaction.
Commensalism✔✔Relationship where one member benefits, other is unaffected
mutualism✔✔relationship where both members benefit
Parasitism✔✔a relationship where one member gains (parasite), and the other is
negatively (host) affected
slower population growth✔✔A larger organism results in .....
SImilarities:
-Both have (+,-) relationship
-
Differences
-Predator is larger than prey
-Parasite is smaller than host
-Predators have slower growth than prey population
-Parasite population size increases faster than the host population.
-Predator eats many prey
-Parasite uses 4 or less hosts to complete a generation (often very specific
interactions are involved)✔✔What are the similarities and differences between
predator and parasite relationships?
Mosquitoes, ticks, leeches, etc. are predators. They prey on many hosts or single
host intermittently.✔✔Give some examples of micropredators or intermittent
parasites.
Wasps and flies
adults are free-living
immature stages feed on hosts body (usually another insect)✔✔Give some
examples of parasitoids.
Ectoparasites✔✔Parasites that live on the body surface of host
Endoparasites✔✔Parasites that live on the inside of the body of the host
obligate parasites✔✔parasites that needs a host to survive
Facultative parasite✔✔parasites that normally free-living organisms that may
become parasitic.
The infection is usually fatal
accidental or incidental parasite✔✔parasites in the wrong host. In this case the
parasite does not usually survive
permanent parasite✔✔parasite that lives its entire life or life stage on or in one host
, temporary parasite✔✔a parasite that lives in or on several hosts during a life-cycle
stage
zoonotic parasite✔✔a parasite that normally develops in other animals, but can
infect humans
Definitive Host✔✔a host where the parasite reaches sexual maturity, or where the
parasite is most detrimental to humans
Intermediate host✔✔a required host, but maturity (sexual) does not occur here.
Usually asexual reproduction happens here
vector✔✔transmits parasite from one host to another
Paratenic Host✔✔parasite DOES NOT DEVELOP here, but remains infective to
another host
Example: Mammal Tapeworm
Mammal (definitive host) ->
crustacean (1st Intermediate host) ->
1st Fish (2nd Intermediate host)->
2nd Fish (Paratenic Host (No development))->
Mammal (definitive host)✔✔Give an example that shows a definitive host, two
intermediate hosts, and a paratenic host.
Reservoir Hosts (Zoonotic Hosts)✔✔a host that harbors an infection that can be
transmitted to humans. It may be normal hosts for non-specific parasites
Example: Rat Schistosome
human (definitive host)->
snail (1st intermediate host and vector)->
human or rat (reservoir host)->
snail....->✔✔Give an example that includes a reservoir host, two intermediate hosts,
a vector host, and a definitive host
parasite's development and transmission mode✔✔What do parasite life cycles
describe?
Monoxenous Life Cycle (direct)✔✔parasites complete life cycle within a single host.
The infective stage enters the host and the same stage leaves the host.
Heteroxenous Life Cycle (complex)✔✔the parasite requires several hosts to
complete its life cycle. This stage entering host differs from the stage leaving the
host.
Environments
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