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PUBH 3004 - Health Exam 3 Study Guide Questions and answers
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PUBH 3004 - Health Exam 3 Study Guide Questions and answers
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
PUBH 3004 - Health Exam 3 Study Guide
Describe the effects climate change is having on Minnesota, the Arctic, and the oceans ANS✔✔ Minnesota -
- becoming warmer, mainly in the North.
- winter is warming 13x faster than summer in Minnesota.
- raining more, greater than 30 inches in Eastern Minnesota
The Arctic -
- experiencing warming 2-3x the global annual average
- large reduction in sea ice from 1984-2016
Oceans -
- oceans have absorbed around 93% of excess heat caused by greenhouse gas warming
- heat has increased at all depths since 1960s
- surface waters warmed by 1.3º F per century globally from 1900-2016
- a global increase in average sea surface temp up to 4.9º F is projected by 2100
- oceans are rising
- since 1900, global mean sea level has risen by 7"-8"; 3" of this rise has occurred since 1993
- from 2000 to 2300 the global mean sea level is very likely to rise by 0.3 to 0.6 ft, 0.5 to 1.2 ft by 2050, and 1.0 to 4.3 ft
by 2100
- oceans are more acidic
- oceans currently absorb more than 1/4 of CO2 emitted in atmosphere annually, making them more acidic
Explain the relationship between diet and climate change ANS✔✔ - What we eat and how we grow it constitutes a
major driver of climate change. the global food system is estimated to contribute around 30% of greenhouse gas
emissions and more than half of those emissions can be attributed to livestock production
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
- also, with climate change, food supplies are affected - optimal temperatures and rainfall conditions for agriculture shift
(marginally dry lands turn to desert)
- Agriculture of all types produces greenhouse gases that warm the planet, but meat production is especially harmful —
and beef is the most environmentally damaging form of meat. Some methods of cattle production demand a lot of land,
contributing to destruction of forests; the trees are typically burned, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Other methods require huge amounts of water and fertilizer to grow food for the cows.
- The cows themselves produce emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that causes short-term warming. Meat
consumption is rising worldwide as the population grows, and as economic development makes people richer and better
able to afford meat.
Understand the equity issues raised by climate change ANS✔✔ Africa by 2020
- between 75 and 250 million people projected to be exposed to increased water stress
- in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture will be reduced by 50%
Asia by 2050s
- freshwater availability is projected to decrease
- coastal areas, heavily-populated mega delta regions will be at greatest risk from sea flooding
Small Island States
- sea level rise is expected to exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosion, and other coastal hazards threatening vital
infrastructure
- by mid-century, reduced water resources in many small island states
Describe the effects of climate change on human health conditions ANS✔✔ - mortality in people over 65 years
drastically higher in 2030, and double-triple that in 2050 (in all regions of the world this is predicted)
- Asthma and allergies - changes in air quality (increased mold, pollen, toxins, dust)
- Skin cancer and cataracts - increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation (decrease in stratospheric ozone)
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
- Cardiovascular disease - high temperatures and poor air quality, increase incidence of heart attacks and strokes
- Nutritional diseases - changes in temperature and precipitation can reduce crop yields -> undernutrition
- Mental health - stress involved with extreme weather issues, internally displaced persons
Infectious - increase vector-borne, waterborne, and zoonotic diseases
Articulate the historical context of environmental health initiatives, including the role of governments, science,
businesses, communities, and individuals ANS✔✔ - 19th century - thought of that a living in a bad environment w/ crime
would affect your morals (chief determinant of health)
- germ theory - public health professionals became concerned with people - typhoid mary (irresponsible and infected
rich people)
- 100 years ago - food grown in backyard with no pesticides or hormones (large scale production in large cities - large risk
of injury - risk of contaminated meat!! - high risk of typhoid, tb, flu - unhealthy to live in cities - no plumbing also -
cholera!!)
- started to become concerned with housing, food, water, air, and infectious disease (chlorinated water, sewage
treatment and infrastructure, clean water to peoples homes
- early 1900s - birth of regulatory infrastructure - control safety in workplace
- 1940s - pesticides (ddt to control mosquitoes - malaria - also used with agriculture)
- 1970s - birth of Environmental Protection Agency and fed laws which protected water and land (didn't look at
inequities though)
- 1987 - Toxic Race and Waste - people of color in low income communities were disproportionately surrounded by
hazardous waste sites
Articulate epidemiological features related to air pollution - health effects, impacted populations, trends ANS✔✔ Health
Effects
- air pollution (indoors and outdoors)
- inadequate water, sanitation (and hygiene)
- chemicals (and biological agents
- radiation (ultraviolet and ionizing
- community noise
- occupational risks
- agricultural practices (including pesticide-use, waste-water reuse)
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