Class notes
Microflora: Urinary and Digestive Tract
- Course
- Bio 250 (BIO250)
- Institution
- University Of South Carolina
This chapter covers urinary and digestive tract infections from a microbiological level.
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Normal Microflorao Not found in most of the urogenital system.
o Found at/near the external urethral opening.
§ Cervical opening and below in females.
o Compete with pathogens for space and nutrients.
o Will contaminate any urine collected.
- your urethra sheds surface cells regularly so if any pathogens are attached you pee it
out
§ Except by direct puncture.
§ Uncircumcised males need extra care.
- Don’t. Have good hygiene routines
§ Women of different life stages have different organisms present.
- Shift in nutrient profile
§ The same is true for men.
- not as predictable
Urinary Tract Infections – Not STDs
o One of the most common infections in clinical practice.
§ 35-40% of all nosocomial
o Often a single species.
§ Contamination by normal microflora can come from a number of species.
- usually gram-positive
· Bacteria themselves are usually fecal in origin.
Upper:
o Urethritis & cystitis = urethrocystitis.
o Female urethra is 4 cm (males ~20 cm), making UTIs more common in women.
, - 40-50x more likely than men to get UTI
- Older women specifically
- Can be chronic sufferers
o Retained urine (interrupted/reduced flow) is the main cause.
o Ascending vs. Descending
Descending: Start high in urinary system and work down
Ascending: More common
- more severe if pregnant because pregnancy suppresses cell-mediated immunity
Focal Infections: Another infection somewhere else in the body is leaking bacteria into blood
stream and the attached themselves within kidneys
Periodontal disease!!
o Catheter? Watch out.
Need to make sure it’s sterile
- can cause UTI
Diagnose:
S/Sx: bacterial count of 10-200,000 bacterial cells
- not normal to find single species or gram-negative
Trt: Antibiotics
Other non-STDs
o Pyelonephritis
- inflammation of the renal pelvis
- Caused by fecal microflora
- Assisted by urine retention
- E.coli is a common cause
Chronic diseases have underlying causes: kidney stones…. root canals….
o Leptospirosis
- caused by leptospira enterabands
- Can catch from animals: dogs, cats, and rats and mice
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