ESL Supplemental Exam TERMS
Phonology/ Phoneme - answersystem of sounds/ study of sounds
*the sound structure of speech and in particular the perception, representation, and production of
speech sounds. The phonemes are the smallest unit of sound; Example:
English: /b/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /h/ /m/ /n/ /...
Phonology/ Phoneme - answer✔system of sounds/ study of sounds
*the sound structure of speech and in particular the perception, representation, and production of
speech sounds. The phonemes are the smallest unit of sound; Example:
English: /b/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /h/ /m/ /n/ /t/ /z/ /s/ /u/ /ø/ /æ/ /∂/
Examples of words: ship/chip; day/they; sheep/cheap; sin/sing
*identify sounds in the mouth
phoneme: a unit of sound
ex: "cat" has three phonemes (3 units of sound you can pull apart + manipulate)
Example question: How many phonemes are in the word "meaning"? answer:5
m-ea-n-i-ng
keywords: sound structure
phon=sound
example questions:
An ELL is experiencing difficulty with an aspect of English phonology. In order to address a
difficult in this area, the students' teacher should initially focus instruction on ________. A:
Target Sound (always start with sounds, then move into print, connect print later)
Allophones - answer✔letters or combinations of letters that make the same sound
ex: "k" and "c" make /k/ sound ("Keep Cool")
example question: What are the allophones for /k/? answer: ch, ck, k, ke
keywords: same sounds
English Phonology - answer✔be able to identify what sounds come from what places in the
mouth
Morphology/ Morpheme - answer✔the study of the structure and form of words in language or a
language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds. The morphemes are
the smallest unit of meaning. Examples : Sing + ing = singing, play + ed = played; Prefixes:
Those that precede the stem: un + common = uncommon
Suffixes: Those that follow the stem: eventual + ly = eventually
Morphemes—smallest parts of words that have meaning
ex: tree= 1 morpheme trees= 2 morphemes
(morphemes of "tree" + "s" which signifies plural)
Tree is a free morpheme (Can stand alone)
S is a bound morpheme (cannot stand alone)
Morphology impacts words in various ways:
-changing tense (kick/kicks/kicked)
-changing degree (fast/faster/fastest)
-change the lexical category of a word (if it is a verb, noun, adjective, etc) (teach/teacher)
-creating new words (tie/untie, test/pretest)
-Compounding (sunroof)
-Borrowing (karaoke)
-Shortening (fed from federal)
-Blending (smog)
Look at the following sentences an ELL wrote. What does the teacher need to work on with the
student?: "I like play. I play a game" A: verb tense (related to morphology)
Sentax - answer✔the study of rules governing language combinations and sequences
Syntax is about the relationship between words.
English is an SVO language. Subject-Verb-Object.
rules of how we organize language, orders of how we set up sentences
keywords: *sentence structure + grammer*
examples:
(how a word functions in a sentence—blessed can be a verb or an adjective— "The priest blessed
the couple." "It is a blessed event.")
Some possible errors:
"Pass me the marker blue."
"Tomorrow I go house friend."
keywords: order, rules, organize, sentence structure, grammer,
Lexicon - answer✔refers to one's vocabulary or dictionary
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