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GLY2010 Midterm Test With Complete Solution
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GLY2010 Midterm Test WithComplete Solution
What is geology? - Answer a branch of natural science concerned with THE EARTH and
other astronomical objects, THE ROCKS of which it is composed, and the processes by
which they change over TIME
what is science? - Answer TESTABLE explanations and predictions about the universe
Occam's Razor (Law of Parsimony) - Answer choose the simplest scientific explanation
that fits the evidence
ex) blinking example in class
Hypothesis vs Theory - Answer Hypothesis: proposed explanation for some phenomena
based on limited evidence. Not scientifically tested or proven
Theory: idea that is intended to explain facts or events. Scientifically tested and proven.
Lots of data
Solar System Formation - Answer -formed from the collapse of a giant cloud of
interstellar gas
-as cloud shrinks in, it spins faster and faster
-heavy elements collide and clump together
-clumps grow and develop into gravitational fields
-clumps from planets
heliosphere - Answer The region of space where solar wind has a significant influence.
Encompasses the entire solar system.
magnetosphere - Answer region of space where the dominant magnetic field is the
magnetic field of earth rather than interstellar space
Why is Earth magnetic? - Answer geodynamo (molten core)
van allen radiation belts - Answer radiation belts surrounding Earth that protect us from
harmful radiation of the Sun
earths early atmosphere - Answer Mostly H and He
Earths Hadean Atmosphere - Answer from volcanic and tectonic degassing
-major greenhouse gasses
, hydrosphere - Answer water on earth including both surface and ground water
cryosphere - Answer portions of the earth where water is in solid form: snow cover,
floating ice
biosphere - Answer the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the
earth occupied by living organisms
chemical layers of earth - Answer crust-mantle-core
mechanical layers of earth - Answer lithosphere
asthenosphere
lower mantle
outer core
inner core
isostasy - Answer the state of gravitational equilibrium between earths crust and
mantle, such that the crust 'floats' on the denser underlying mantle
Archimedes' Principle - Answer the mass of water displaced must equal the mass of the
floating object
Lithosphere - Answer includes all of crust and some of uppermost mantle
-rigid!
asthenosphere - Answer plastic layer within the mantle (can flow)
transition zone - Answer The middle portion of the mantle, from 400 to 670 km deep, in
which there are gradual transition in properties
how do rocks deform? - Answer stress/strain
stress - Answer when force is applied to an object
compressive stress - Answer squeeze
tensional stress - Answer pull/stress
shearing stress - Answer different directions
strain - Answer deformation resulting from the stress (ex: change in shape)
elastic deformation - Answer strain is proportional and temporary. shape is recovered
after stress is removed. stores energy
plastic deformation - Answer Occurs once elastic limit has been exceeded. Permanent.
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