NU 608 Final Exam Study Guide with complete solutions
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Course
2024/2025
Institution
2024/2025
NU 608 Final Exam Study Guide with
complete solutions
Primary function of the pulmonary system: - Answer-Exchange of gases between the
environmental air and the blood
Three steps involved in exchange of gases in the pulmonary system: - Answer-1. Ventilation-
air movement
2. Diffusion- movemen...
2. stretch receptors (located in the smooth muscle of airways, control volume of lungs, Hering-
Breuer reflex is a protective mechanism to prevent over inflation)
3. J-receptors (sensitive to increases in capillary pressure, stimulating lungs to initiate rapid,
shallow respiration)
Chemoreceptors- central and peripheral: - Answer✔✔-1. central- located in the medulla.
Respond to changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the CSF which reflects Co2 levels,
causing changes in breathing.
2. peripheral- located in the aortic bodies and carotids. Sensitive to changes in po2.
Alveolar surface tension: - Answer✔✔-Surfactant is responsible for lowering surface tension.
Surface tension refers to the tendency of water molecules to pull toward each other and
collapse. Surfactant works by forming a layer at the interface between the fluid lining the alveoli
and the air in the alveoli. Primary function of surfactant is to stabilize the alveoli at low lung
volumes and prevent collapse.
Ventilation- Compliance: - Answer✔✔-Measure of lung and chest wall distensibility, so the ease
in which these structures can be stretched and is determined by alveolar surface tension and
elastic recoil of the lung and chest wall.
Increased compliance = lungs are abnormally easy to inflate and lost elastic recoil (emphysema)
Decreased compliance = lungs are stiff and difficult to inflate (fibrosis, ARDS, pneumonia)
Hypoxia: - Answer✔✔-Reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues
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