COMD 5070 Exam 1 Study Guide.
Communication without sound - answer- gesture
- facial expressions
- sign language
- writing
- art
- getting an idea from one brain to another
SLP/audiology disorders can arise in... - answer- converting thoughts words
- selecting sound sequences
- detecting s...
Communication without sound - answer✔- gesture
- facial expressions
- sign language
- writing
- art
- getting an idea from one brain to another
SLP/audiology disorders can arise in... - answer✔- converting thoughts words
- selecting sound sequences
- detecting sounds adequately
- perceiving and recognizing speech sounds
- deriving meaning from sound sequences
scientific method - answer✔- empirical: based on data
- deterministic: obeys physical laws
- predictive: if you do this... then that will happen
- parsimonious: use the simplest explanation possible
why use acoustic measures? - answer✔- overcome listener bias: consistent, reliable measurement
- describe severity of impairment objectively
- track progress over time: demonstrate treatment efficacy
- professional focus on EBP (evidence based practice)
- provide biofeedback to the client
sound is all about vibration - answer✔- a structure vibrates, if this structure is surrounded by air,
then air constitutes the medium by which the sound will travel
- air molecules are flexibly connected with one another
- when a vibration takes place, air molecules push and pull on each other, transferring energy and
the sound from one point to another
transverse waves - answer✔- particles of the medium move perpendicularly to the direction the
wave is traveling
- pebble in a pond: the wave is traveling, not the water itself
- like a wave in the stadium
longitudinal waves - answer✔- particles move parallel to the path of the wave
- local change in tension makes shockwave travel along the slinky
frequency - answer✔- how often air molecules vibrate
- measured in Hertz (one per second)
what frequency range can humans hear? - answer✔20-20,000 Hz
period - answer✔- how long each repetition takes
- fewer repetitions: lower frequency
period in seconds (equation) - answer✔1/frequency in Hz
frequency in Hz (equation) - answer✔1/period in seconds
wavelength - answer✔- distance from peak to next peak
- important to understand resonance
wavelength equation - answer✔- speed of sound/frequency
- speed of sound is constant
amplitude - answer✔- how big the vibrations are
- molecules are pushed/pulled away from equilibrium
- larger force = larger displacement = greater pressure change
- we hear this as loudness
wave phase and difference - answer✔- fractions of the entire cycle
- same frequency and amplitude, but their phase is different
- phase can't typically be perceived but it has an impact on how sounds will add together
constructive interference - answer✔- adds amplitudes of two sine waves
- results in sound that is the sum of the two
destructive interference - answer✔- two waves cancel each other out
- results in silence
harmonic series - answer✔- harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency
(lowest frequency)
- add them together and the result is a periodic waveform that is predictable
combining waves to get a complex tone - answer✔- two waves with different characteristics can
add and create a combination
- it is a complex tone but still periodic
nearly periodic: the voice - answer✔- harmonics present but there is some noise too
- not perfectly pure
- larynx doesn't perfectly open and close every time
- results in irregularity in cycle repetitions
- repeating pattern is still visible but it's not perfectly periodic
aperiodic sounds - answer✔- numerous sine waves present
- range from high to low frequency
- no mathematical relationship between them
- adding them gives a non-repeating waveform
- result is noise
wave reflection - answer✔- incident waves comes from sound source
- sound bounce off hard surfaces and echo
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