Action Research - answer Involves actively participating in a change situation, often via
an existing organization, while simultaneously conducting research.
Scientific Management Theory (Theory X) - answer According to this theory, the
organization is a machine, and the worker is motivated by financial reward.
Bureaucratic. "One right way." Takes a limited view of worker motivation.
Human Relations Theory (Theory Y) - answer A theory that focuses on the role of
human relationships in organizational efficiency and effectiveness. A focus on human
needs will create a better work place.
Systems Theory in Management - answer A theory that focuses on organizations
interacting with one another and the recognition that changes in one area will impact
other areas.
Contingency Theory - answer Based on the premise that a leader's effectiveness is
contingent on the extent to which a leader's style fits or matches characteristics of the
situation at hand.
Problem Solving Process Steps - answerEngaging, assessing, planning, intervention,
evaluating, termination of task.
Internal Validity - answerThe extent to which the observed results represent the truth in
the population we are studying and, thus, are not due to methodological errors.
Addresses how much the intervention can be correlated with the behavior.
External Validity - answerThe validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study
outside the context of that study. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a
study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli, and times.
Test-Retest Reliability - answerA method for determining the reliability of a test by
comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions.
Interobserver Reliability - answerThe degree to which two independent observers score
the same phenomenon.
Reliability and Validity - answerconsistency; accuracy
Selectivity - answerSelectivity denotes benefits made available based on an individual
need, usually determined by a test of income.
,Bowenian Family Therapy - answerAttempts to improve differentiation and the
generational transmission issues.
Strategic Family Therapy - answerSeeks to reduce symptoms through altering styles of
feedback that is thought to maintain the problem.
Structural Family Therapy - answerExamines roles and family organization.
Tolerance Training - answerTeaches a client how to be more accepting of people and
how to remain calm in frustrating situations.
Passivity Training - answerTeaches a client how to communicate what they really think
or want.
Assertiveness Training - answerTeaches clients how to express their feelings without
being angry and confrontational and stand up for their rights in social situations.
Confidence Training - answerTeaches a client how to believe in themself and not feel
defensive.
Interpretation (Technique) - answerAttempts to draw together behavioral patterns for
deeper understanding.
Clarification (Technique) - answerSeeks to reformulate a problem in a client's words.
Confrontation (Technique) - answerThe direct addressing of a specific item in therapy.
Reframing or Relabeling (Technique) - answerInvites the client to use language to see
problems in a different way.
Type 1 Error (Statistical Hypothesis) - answerOccurs when one detects an effect that
was not actually present.
Type 2 Error (Statistical Hypothesis) - answerThe failure to reject a null hypothesis that
is false. The failure to detect an effect that is actually present.
Preperation (Stages of Change Model) - answerPeople start to take small steps toward
the behavior change, and they believe changing their behavior can lead to a healthier
life.
Precontemplation (Stages of Change Model) - answerA denial of issues or problems.
Needs education on issues.
Contemplation (Stages of Change Model) - answerInformation is gathered and small
changes may be made. Does not commit to anything but willing to talk about it.
Weighing pros and cons.
, Action (Stages of Change Model) - answerSpecific and concrete action toward a goal is
accomplished. Doing what it takes to change the behavior.
Maintenance (Stages of Change Model) - answerAn effort to hold onto one's gains.
Keeping up with the behavior for a significant amount of time.
Relapse (Stages of Change Model) - answerMay push the process stages earlier or
stop it all together.
Functional Behavior Assessment Steps - answerHelp client identify problem behaviors
and discuss interfering behaviors with client.
Identify the antecedents or events that control the clients behaviors.
Develop a hypothesis of the behavior.
Test the hypothesis.
Older Americans Act (OAA) of 1965 - answerHelps older Americans by providing grants
to states, which are then used by local programs to provide services and support.
Social Planning - answerInvolves problem-solving and data-driven approaches that will
recognize, establish, and help organize services for identified groups. People centered,
not place centered.
Historical Research Design - answerUses secondary sources of evidence (official
records, archives, diaries, reports) to gather, validate and synthesize evidence from the
past in order to refute or defend a hypothesis.
Experimental Research Design - answerA way to answer scientific questions that test a
hypothesis through the use of carefully controlled steps (involves performing an
experiment).
Cohort Research Design - answerConducted over a period of time, involves members
of society, and is often used in applied social sciences and medical sciences.
Cross-Sectional Research Design - answerProvides a view of differences between a
variety of people and subjects.
Reliability (in psychological testing) - answerIndicates to what degree systematic errors
within instruments have reduced error. Attempts to measure how much interference the
testing instrument itself poses through flaws in the testing system.
Psychological Abuse - answerEmotional harm caused by threatening, frightening,
isolating, intimidating, humiliating, or insulting a person.
Psychological Neglect - answerFailing to provide basic social stimulation, to fulfill duties
of care.
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