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BIOL 235 MIDTERM 1 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
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BIOL 235 MIDTERM 1 Questions with 100% CorrectAnswers | Verified | Latest Update 2024
factors affecting bone growth and bone remodeling - ✔✔minerals [large amounts of calcium
and phosphorus needed]
vitamins [A, C, D, B12, K all needed]
hormones [insulin-like growth factors + thyroid hormones]
parathyroid hormone (PTH) - ✔✔regulates Ca2+ exchange - increases blod Ca2+ level, operates
via negative feedback loop, acts on kidneys to decrease loss of Ca2+ in urine
calcitriol - ✔✔active form of vitamin d, hormone that promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the
gastrointestinal tract into the blood, increases blood Ca2+ level
calcitonin (CT) - ✔✔secreted by parafollicular cells in thyroid gland, inhibits activity of osteoclasts,
speeds blood Ca2+ reuptake by bone tissue, accelerates Ca2+ deposition into bones; promotes bone
formation and decreases blood Ca2+ level
axial skeleton - ✔✔skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax (sternum + ribs)
vertical axis of body
appendicular skeleton - ✔✔limbs and extremities, pelvis, clavicle, scapula (girdles -
connecting appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton)
,long bones - ✔✔have greater length than width, consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities
or epiphyses (ends), and are slightly curved for strength. consist mostly of compact bone tissue in their
diaphyses but have consider- able amounts of spongy bone tissue in their epiphyses
short bones - ✔✔somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width. They consist
of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a thin layer of compact bone tissue
flat bones - ✔✔generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue
enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue. Flat bones afford considerable protection and provide
extensive areas for muscle attachment
irregular bones - ✔✔have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous
categories. They vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present. Such bones include the
vertebrae, hip bones, certain facial bones, and the calcaneus
sesamoid bones - ✔✔develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and
physical stress, such as the palms and soles. They may vary in num- ber from person to person, are not
always completely ossified, and typically measure only a few millimeters in diameter
include patellae
sutural bones - ✔✔small bones located in sutures (joints) between certain cranial bones. Their
number varies greatly from person to person
surface markings - ✔✔structural features adapted for specific functions. Most are not present at
birth but develop in response to certain forces and are most prominent in the adult skeleton
two major types - depressions/openings and processes
depressions/openings - ✔✔fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus
processes - ✔✔condyle, facet, head (all form joints)
crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity (all form attachment points for
connective tissue)
, skull - ✔✔the bony framework of the head. It contains 22 bones (not counting the bones of the
middle ears) and rests on the superior end of the vertebral column (backbone). The bones of the skull
are grouped into two categories: cranial bones and facial bones
cranial bones - ✔✔form the cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain. The eight cranial
bones are the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid
bone, and the ethmoid bone
facial bones - ✔✔14 bones form the face: two nasal bones, two maxillae (or maxillas), two zygomatic bones,
the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer
frontal bone - ✔✔forms the forehead (the anterior part of the cranium), the roofs of the orbits
(eye sockets), and most of the anterior part of the cranial floor
parietal bones - ✔✔one on each side of head - form the greater portion of the sides and roof of
the cranial cavity
temporal bones - ✔✔form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor.
includes temporal squama - projects the zygomatic process, which connects with the zygomatic bone
(cheek) to form the zygomatic arch
mandibular fossa - ✔✔located on the inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process of
each temporal bone. The mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with the mandible
(lower jawbone) to form the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ).
mastoid portion of temporal bone - ✔✔located posterior and inferior to the external auditory
meatus (meatus = passageway), or ear canal, which directs sound waves into the ear
petrous portion of temporal bone - ✔✔triangular part, located at the base of the skull between the
sphenoid and occipital bones, houses the internal ear and the middle ear, structures involved in hearing
and equilibrium
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