Bioethics 227, Bioethics Exam III, Bioethics Test 2 Study
Guide, Bioethics exam 3, Bioethics Chapter 9 Test,
Genetic Choice Board Vocab., Genetic processes
multiple choice, Chapter 9 Genetic Choices final exam
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(Two senses of the term human. Warren) - ✔✔1. Genetically human (homo-sapiens,
not sufficient for personhood)
2. Morally human (members of a community)
Personhood criteria
(Five criteria for personhood. Warren) - ✔✔a. Capacity to feel pain (conscious, awareness)
b. Reasoning in a develop capacity
c. Self-motivated activity that's not strictly biologically determinate
d. Communication (speech)
e. Self-awareness
Fetus RTL
,(When does a fetus develop a right to life? Warren) - ✔✔Never. Many animals are more
develop than a fetus, yet no one grants those animals a RTL, so no fetus can have more
rights than those animals, therefore they don't have an absolute RTL.
Fetus' rights
(Does a fetus potential for personhood gives it any rights? Warren) - ✔✔No because the
rights of an actual person always outweigh the rights of a potential person. Ie. Captured space
travelers, he has the right to escape.
Side note
(Does this mean than infanticide is justify? Dolphin resemblance to a person. Warren) -
✔✔No. Think of fetus as if it was a dolphin, very smart animals so close enough to resembling
people that to kill them represents a very strong moral justification to kill them but not current
justification exists. So if infanticide is immoral is not because it is murder. Some societies, like
Romans, found it acceptable.
Singer - ✔✔"Extend basic moral ideas of equality and rights to animals as well. Any
being capable of experiencing pleasure or pain must be part of our moral concern."
Equal consideration of interests
(Singer) - ✔✔Pain of animals matters just as much from a moral point of view as the pain
of humans. Extend basic moral ideas of equality and rights to animals as well.
Dispassionate Martian
(Singer) - ✔✔He is observing us and sees many similarities between humans and animals,
yet humans treat animals as lower beings. Humans are continuously trying to make
themselves look smarter than animals.
,Speciesism and its parallels
(Singer) - ✔✔The way humans treat animals and other humans. Any being capable
of experiencing pleasure or pain must be part of our moral concern.
i.e. Some infants who are born without the capacity to think and who can't function like
adults are similar to animals, but these infants are given a humanistic treatment even if they
were born with no brain functionality. They are not use for experimentation, yet animals are
continuously use—even if they show to be smarter than these infants, while giving those
infants equal consideration of interest but not the animals.
Limit of moral concern
(Only at what point do I no longer have to worry. Singer) - ✔✔It is only morally defensible to
kill a baboon if humans are willing to use humans with lesser capacities as well. But instead you
could focus more on prevention, donation, or putting more focus into artificial organs.
Cohen - ✔✔"It is ok to experiment on animals because animals don't have any rights, so there
is no animal's right violation."
Nature of right
(Nature of right, and why experimentation doesn't violate an animal's rights. Cohen) - ✔✔A
right is a claim by one party against another, beings who can make those types of claims against
others (who are autonomous and able to self regulate themselves as well). Animals don't have
any rights; therefore, experimentation doesn't violate anything since they have no rights. Why
do they have no rights? Because animals can't recognize conflicts between duty and self-
interest, therefore experimentation doesn't violate animal rights.
Obligations
, (Cohen) - ✔✔You're require to treat animals "humanly" with the decency and concern that we
ought to sensitive human beings to other sentient creatures, but you're not require to treat
animals as humans.
Obj1: Brain damaged people who can't make right claims
(Defenses against objections based on brain damaged people and on animal capacities. Cohen)
- ✔✔Defense:The ability to make claims is the essential feature of humanity. This means
that animals can't give nor withhold consent (because they have no rights), by contrast, you
must get a human's consent before you experiment on them. Besides, this brain damaged
people were able to make claims at some point.
OBJ2:Animals have many of the characteristics thought to be the ground of moral worth
(Defenses against objections based on brain damaged people and on animal capacities. Cohen)
- ✔✔Defense: Animals can't commit a crime, only humans can determinate if an action is
correct by applying a moral rule. Even remarkable animal behavior isn't morally relevant. You're
consciously making the choice to be good or bad, to harm others or not. Animals don't, they
attack if they're angry, for example.
Utilitarians
(Why utilitarians make a "bad calculation". Cohen) - ✔✔Animal experimentation causes
major benefits than suffering. As an utilitarian this should be ok with you. There is animal
suffering but infinity happiness piled by the gratification of people getting better (i.e.polio).
Note
(Side note: We can't experiment on humans, hence why we use animals. Cohen) - ✔✔The
FDA requires it before being able to sell or give things to humans. There are no other reliable
methods available right now, otherwise the first trial would have to be a human, human
experimentation would have to increase then, and this is against the law. One more thing, if
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