,1. Multiple Choice: Which research design is most
appropriate for establishing causality?
a) Cross-sectional
b) Cohort
c) Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
d) Case-control
Correct Answer: c) RCT
Rationale: RCTs are considered the gold standard for
establishing causality because they involve random
assignment to intervention or control groups, reducing the
risk of bias.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ effect refers to the
phenomenon where patients improve simply because they
believe they are receiving treatment.
Correct Answer: Placebo
Rationale: The placebo effect is a key consideration in
clinical trials to differentiate between the actual and
perceived effects of a treatment.
3. True/False: Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach that
combines the results of multiple studies addressing a set of
related research hypotheses.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale: Meta-analysis is indeed a statistical technique
for combining the findings from independent studies to
assess the clinical effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
, b) Patient values and preferences
c) Clinical expertise
d) Financial considerations
Correct Answers: a) Best available evidence, b) Patient
values and preferences, c) Clinical expertise
Rationale: EBP integrates clinical expertise, patient
values, and the best research evidence into the decision-
making process for patient care.
5. Multiple Choice: In the hierarchy of evidence, which level
of evidence is generally considered the weakest?
a) Meta-analyses
b) Randomized controlled trials
c) Expert opinion
d) Cohort studies
Correct Answer: c) Expert opinion
Rationale: Expert opinion is considered the weakest form
of evidence because it is not based on rigorous scientific
research.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ model is a framework
for asking clinical questions in a structured way to improve
the search for evidence.
Correct Answer: PICO
Rationale: The PICO model stands for Patient/Problem,
Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome, which helps in
formulating research questions and literature search
strategies.
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