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CD 663 – EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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CD 663 – EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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CD 663 – EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONSWITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What's the role (function) of the lips during a normal swallowing process? - Answer-seal
to keep bolus in mouth
What's the role (function) of the tongue during a normal swallowing process? - Answer--
manipulate and control bolus
- move bolus posteriorly during oral transit
What's the role (function) of the hard palate during a normal swallowing process? -
Answer-- oral prep: boundary between oral and nasal cavity
- oral transport: serves as solid surface against which the tongue squeezes to propel the
bolus
What's the role (function) of the soft palate during a normal swallowing process? -
Answer-posterior lingual-velum seal to prevent bolus escape into the nasal cavity
What's the role (function) of the pharynx during a normal swallowing process? - Answer-
contractions move bolus inferiorly toward UES
What's the role (function) of the epiglottis during a normal swallowing process? -
Answer-is pulled up and inverts over larynx to protect the airway
What's the role (function) of the hyoid bone during a normal swallowing process? -
Answer-suprahyoids pull it and the larynx superiorly and anteriorly under the base of
tongue to protect the airway
What's the role (function) of the larynx during a normal swallowing process? - Answer--
arytenoid approximation
- closure of ventricular vestibule
- closure of true + false vocal folds
What's the role (function) of the UES during a normal swallowing process? - Answer-
opens to allow passage of bolus (triggered by elevation of the larynx and tongue base
retraction)
What physiological movements are involved during the pharyngeal phase of normal
swallow? - Answer-- velum elevates to seal nasopharynx
- tongue base retraction
- pharyngeal contraction
- hyolaryngeal complex elevation (upward + forward)
- epiglottis inversion
- arytenoid approximation
, - closure of ventricular folds and vestibule
- closure of true vocal folds
- opening/relaxation of the cricopharyngeus
What is the UES? - Answer-cricopharyngeus and pharyngeal-esophageal (PE) segment
What the role of the UES in swallow process? - Answer-opens to allow bolus to enter
esophagus
What is the "central pattern generator" regarding swallowing function? - Answer-it is
hypothesized that a sensory recognition center in the lower brainstem (medulla; the
nucleus tractus solitarius NTS) decodes sensory info, identifies the swallow stimulus,
and sends this info to the nucleus ambiguous (CPG; reticular formation in medulla),
which initiates the motor response for the pharyngeal swallow
What cranial nerve/s is/are most crucial for oral preparation? - Answer-- V trigeminal
(depresses/elevates mandible)
- VII facial (lips and cheeks)
What cranial nerve/s is/are most crucial for oral transport? - Answer-- X vagus (raises
back of tongue)(raises velum)
- XI accessory (raises back of tongue)(raises velum)
What cranial nerve/s is/are most crucial for the pharyngeal
phase? - Answer-- V trigeminal
- VII facial
- X vagus
- XII hypoglossal
Can epiglottis be paralyzed? - Answer-no because it is a cartilage and does not receive
motor innervation
What could cause the epiglottis to not move? - Answer-paralysis of the muscles which
move the epiglottis could cause it to appear paralyzed
What two events trigger the relaxation/opening of the UES? - Answer-- elevation of the
larynx (the contraction force of the hyolarynx pulls it open)
- tongue base retraction (the driving force of the bolus in the pharynx)
Why the base of tongue retraction important during the swallowing process? - Answer-
produces a driving force to push bolus
What are the four levels/mechanisms of airway protection during swallowing? -
Answer-- hyoid/laryngeal elevation away from path of bolus
- epiglottis retroflexion
- closure of the laryngeal vestibule
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