Analyticsis
→ a PROCESS that examines data using a variety of statistical tools and involves
Qualitative
→ • Data is ORDINAL or NOMINAL
Continuous
→ decimal/fraction
→ example= GPA
Discrete
→ whole number
→ example= students in class
Census
→ An examination all of the pop...
→ from the population the descriptive data needed so that everyone in the population
has an equal chance to be part of the it
Convenient
→ select a sample of people/things because it is convenient or easy to get the data;
readily available data
Voluntary
→ self selected sample; those who want to participate, do so. Usually participate
because they have a strong opinion on the issue
Convenient and Voluntary
→ These sampling methods result in a bias called Undercoverage
Random Sampling
→ everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen as part of the sample
Multistage Cluster sampling
→ divide population into clusters and then randomly select clusters; sample
everyone/everything in each cluster
Simple Random Sampling
→ the basic method and included in the other three methods: Stratified, Systematic, or
Cluster
→ disadvantages= time consuming and also bias of lot of strata
→ divide population into non-overlapping groups (strata) then select a random sample
from each strata
→ •if one characteristic is important
→ disadvantages= if more than one group then not possible
Systematic sampling formula
→ number in population/number in sample
Systematic sampling
→ list population, select random starting point w no pattern, sample each nth element
→ disadvantages= lose precision of characteristics
Coverage Biases
→ sampling does not include representation from the entire population, people are
excluded
Measurement Error
→ procedures result in collecting incorrect data
→ or doesn't answer business problem
Coverage issues (selection & ethical)
→ can be caused by sampling method used or how sampling is conducted
→ under, nonresponse, low response
Low Response Rates
→ most national surveys result in a 40% or less response rate; sample is not
representative of population
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