ABSC 160 Final Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024/2025
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Course
ABSC 160
Institution
ABSC 160
Quantitative vs qualitative changes
→ o Quantitative changes: changes in the amount or quantity of what you are measuring
→ o Qualitative changes: changes in the overall nature of what you are examining
Concepts of multifinality and equifinality
→ o Multifinality-the principle by which th...
ABSC 160 Final Study Guide Questions
and Answers 2024/2025
Quantitative vs qualitative changes
→ o Quantitative changes: changes in the amount or quantity of what you are measuring
→ o Qualitative changes: changes in the overall nature of what you are examining
Concepts of multifinality and equifinality
→ o Multifinality-the principle by which the same pathways may lead to different
developmental outcomes
→ o Equifinality- the principle by which different developmental pathways may result in
the same outcome
skepticism
→ judging the validity of a claim based on objective empirical evidence
pseudoscience
→ A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific
method
The activities of a "good" consumer of developmental information
→ o Know the source of your information
→ o Examine the evidence- question authority
→ o Become a critical thinker
→ o Beware of making generalizations
→ o Be aware of perceptual bias
→ o Question "common sense"
- Define theory and its relationship to scientific research
→ o Developmental theory- a moral of development based on observations that allows
us to make predictions
- Describe the criteria for judging developmental theories (that is, how to tell a good theory
from a bad theory)
→ o Accuracy: does the theory describe actual events
→ - Takes place through observation and elements
→ o Clarity: does the theory provide a clear explanation, such that a competent person
would understand it?
→ o Predictability: does the theory accurately predict future events?/ how specific are
the predictions?
→ o Practicality: does the theory provide useful information?/ how applicable is this to
everyday life
→ o Internal consistency: does the theory use the same principles to explain multiple
situations?/ does the theory build on itself, rather than create new explanations?
→ o Parsimony: does the theory use the simplest explanation possible?/ what does the
theory assume that hasn't been proven?
→ -Occam's razor: the simplest explanation is usually the correct one
→ o Testability: can you demonstrate that the theory does or doesn't work?/ what makes
it so the theory can or can't be tested
→ o Productivity: does the theory result in additional questions about the explanations?
→ o Self satisfying: does the theory make sense
Describe learning theory (aka, behavioral theory)
→ Behaviorism- the theory developed by John B. Watson that focuses on environmental
control of observable behavior
- Ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner's theory)
→ oBronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory views child development as a complex
system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from
immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and custom
→ o Tenet #1: Development is continuous
→ o Tenet #2: Development is not a constant, even process
→ o Tenet #3: Development is non-linear
→ o Ex: when teeth form in a child, a child's sleep
→ o Tenet #4: Description is not enough
→ -Cognitive development-this is a child's ability to learn and solve problems -
descriptive development
→ o Tenet #5: Nature and nurture play a role
→ -Identical twins provide an interesting look at this
description
→ o what happens- gives an account of an event
explanation
→ o why and how it happens- allows prediction and control
- Identify the components of the scientific method including developing hypotheses,
operationalizing concepts, sampling, collecting data
→ o Components of scientific method:
→ - Ask a question
→ - Do background research
→ - Conduct a hypothesis
→ - Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment
→ - Analyze your data and draw a conclusion
→ Report your results (was your hypothesis correct?)
- Explain the importance of replication when conducting research
→ It is important to replicate the study, so that it is made sure that the study is done
accurately across multiple times
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