Melody - ANSWERlargely pentatonic, with blues/sole inflections
Texture - ANSWERlead vocal accompanied by instrumental and (occasional) vocal harmonies
Harmony - ANSWERsimple triads ("power cords" often based on 1st, 4th, and 5th degrees of scale
Historically background of Rock and Roll - ANSWERevolutionary development of rock and roll:
Popular-music form bleeding of rhythm and blues, folk, gosspel, and country.
Origins in African American traditions; cross over to mainstream pop-mass market.
Socially Culturally: Performative Context - ANSWER-Mass mediated thru recordings and networks of
clubs, radio stations, TV programs etc.
- Strongly associated with youth cultures and generational identity.
-Connotations of transgressive or counter-cultural adolescent rebellion
Ethnicity vs. Race - ANSWERCultural-Genealogical background vs. ascribed social role based on skin
color
Sex vs. Gender - ANSWERBiologically based reproductive role vs. socially constructed sexual identity.
Wealthy vs. Class - ANSWERAccumulation of property/ goods vs. inherited socio-economic status
Age vs. Generation - ANSWERChronological length of life vs. age short united by temporally shared
experience
Culture - ANSWER-Totality of learned behaviors, acquired cognitive structures and physical artifacts.
Ex. Customs, habits, beliefs, values, attitudes, and other products of human work/ thought
Wealth - ANSWERMaterial basis pf prosperity consisting in abundance (of lack) of socially valuable
property, possessions, and goods.
,Class - ANSWERDemographic division, stratum, or rank defined by persistent, shared socio economic
status. Ex. Shared factors like preside, power, or culture/
-Often understood in relation to industrial means of productions
ex. Factory owner (capitalist) vs. Factory worker (proletariat)
Age - ANSWERLength of time an individual as lived (lifespan)
Generation - ANSWERBirth cohort of age group of individuals born/living in sam time period with
socially recognized collective identity.
Collective cultural or political identities formed by common experience of historical events.
Before the Rise of Rock and Roll: What was the business model based on? - ANSWERSales of Sheet
Music
Before the Rise of Rock and Roll: How were Payments made? - ANSWERIn form of royalties.
-Typically split 50/50 between songwriter and lyricist
-Skewed business interests in favor of songwriters over performers
-collected by licensing companies (ASCAP and BMI)
ASCAP stands for: - ANSWERAmerican Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers
BMI stands for - ANSWER(Broadcast Music Incorporated)
What is the Rivalry B/w ASCAP and BMI? - ANSWER- By 1939 ASCAP licensed 90 percent of
mainstream pop songs and threatened broadcast ban if networks didn't turn over more money.
-Broadcaster responded by founding BMI in 1940 and signing non-mainstream composers (e.g. race
and hillbilly songwriters)
What is Tin Pan Alley - ANSWERReference both place (W. 28th Street in Manhattan) and process of
creating music.
What did tin pan alley music do? - ANSWER- Streamlined music production
-Made an "office job" out of songwriting
What did Tin Pan Alley Music consist of? - ANSWERProf'l songwriters relied heavily on AABA form.
- Songs popularized in broadway musicals
-Sung by crooners like Frank Sinatra, Perry Como and Nat "King" Cole.
-Professional songwriters wrote songs for all people to sing.
Frank Sinatra: "Love and Marriage" (Sammy Cahn -Jimmy Van Heusen) - ANSWER-1955 hits a record
by Frank
-AABA form
, -Incoroprates a bridge (B section)
-"B" section starts on a new chord
-Final "A" section has a phrase extension.
What did the radio consist of? - ANSWER-4 nationwide networks dominate pre-War broadcasting.
-NBC,ABC,CBS, and MBS (Mutual)
What did Music Programs on the radio mainly consist of? - ANSWERMainly live performance by radio
orchestras.
-"make-believe ballroom" (DJ) format makes national debut in 1940
What did the Army Surplus do for the Radios? - ANSWERFueled post-War boom of indie
broadcasters.
-They helped popularize R&B/C&W among transplanted southern migrants
-Largely dependent on disc jockeys (DJs) playing records
By Who and when was the Top 40 Radio developed? - ANSWERIN the 1950s by Todd Stroz
What was the purpose of the Television? - ANSWERFuses form/funtion of the radio, record player
and cinema.
-Way of life that organizes social experiences and shapes identities of individuals and binds them into
recognizable groups. Ex. Arts, language, religion etc.
Ethnicity - ANSWERGroup with shared culture based on ancestral national origin, language, and/or
religion
Race - ANSWER"A concept that signifies & symbolizes social conflicts & interests by referring to
different types of human bodies" (Omi & Winant)
Concept developed in 18th c attempting to categorize humans into small number of distinct groups
based on shared physical features
Traditionally defined as quasi‐biological category
No longer considered valid concept for categorization due to the shared ancestry of so
many supposedly separate "races"
Not scientific or absolute category as originally claimed
Sex - ANSWERBiological category based on genetic inheritance, with characteristics physical
expressions and behavior predisposition. -in born
Gender - ANSWER"A concept that signifies & symbolizes social conflicts & interests by referring to
different types of human bodies" (Omi & Winant)
Socio‐cultural categorization defined by meanings given to biological differences between sexes
varies dramatically across societies and throughout human history
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