Test Bank Solution Manual for FISDAP Cardiac- Paramedic Operations Already Passed
Modifiable risk factors for heart disease - Answers hypertension, elevated cholesterol level, smoking,
poor diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and high
stress.
Nonmodifiable risk factors for heart disease - Answers advanced age, family history, carbohydrate
intolerance, Type A personality traits
epicardium - Answers thin membrane that forms the outermost layer of the heart
myocardium - Answers muscular middle layer of the heart between the epicardium and endocardium;
composed of specialized cardiac fibers that can spontaneously contract.
endocardium - Answers thin membrane that lines the inside of the hearts cavities and forms the valves;
vital to reduction of turbulance.
pericardium - Answers the tough, fibrous sac surrounding the heart in order to protect it and provide
lubrication between the heart and surrounding structures.
Coronary arteries - Answers transport oxygenated blood to the heart; divided into left and right and they
brance off the aorta at the coronary ostia.
collateral circulation - Answers develops in response to the early stages of coronary heart disease during
which the inside diameter of the coronary arteries begins to narrow as plaque deposits on the walls. This
is the formation of additional blood vessels connecting arterioles originating in other blood vessels in
order to increase oxygenated blood delivery to the myocardium.
coronary sulcus - Answers Groove where the arteries and the main coronary vein cross the heart that
separates atria from the ventricles.
Coronary sinus - Answers large vessel in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus where venous blood
empties; it ends at the right atrium.
atrioventricular (AV) valves - Answers Separates the atria from the ventricles and prevents backflow
during ventricular contraction.
Tricuspid valve - Answers Separates the right atrium and the right ventricle
Mitral valve (bicuspid) - Answers separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
Semilungar valves - Answers Found at the junction of the ventricles and the pulmonary/systemic
circulation
pulmonary semilunar valve (pulmonic) - Answers separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary
artery; preventing backflow from the artery into the ventricle.
, Aortic semilunar valve - Answers separates the left ventricle from the pulmonary artery
diastole - Answers period of time when the atria or ventricles are resting
systole - Answers the period of time when the atria or ventricles are contracting
relaxation phase - Answers 0.52 seconds; left atrium fills passively with blood under venous pressure
and about 80% of ventricular filling occurs as flood flows through the open tricuspid and mitral valves.
atrial contraction - Answers the contents of each atrium is squeezed into the respective ventricle to
complete ventricular filling
atrial kick - Answers the amount of blood kicked into the ventricles by the atrium
ventricular contraction - Answers AV valves close; two ventricles contract and the semilunar valves are
forced open. Blood squeezed out of the right ventricle moves forward into the pulmonary arteries and
blood from the left ventricle is pushed through the aorta. Systole takes half the time as ventricular filling
(~.28seconds)
intraventricular septum - Answers thin wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart
low-pressure pump - Answers right side of the heart because it pumps against relatively low resistance
of pulmonary circulation
superior vena cava - Answers collects deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body
inferior vena cava - Answers collects deoxygenated blood from the lower portion of the body
path of deoxygenated blood in the heart - Answers enters the right atrium and is pumped into the right
ventricle which pumps it into the pulmonary artery for distribution into the lungs
pulmonary veins - Answers collect oxygen-rich blood and return it to the left atrium
high pressure pump - Answers the left side of the heart as it pumps oxygen-rich blood into the left
atrium; controlled by preload in order to drive blood out against relatively high resistant systemic
arteries
preload - Answers the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction of the left side of the
heart
afterload - Answers the force of driving blood out of the heart against the high resistance of systemic
arteries
systemic circulation - Answers consists of all blood vessels between the left ventricle and left atrium
pulmonary circulation - Answers consists of all blood vessels between the right ventricle and left atrium
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