CHAPTER I COVALENTBONDS ANDSHAPESOFMOLECULES
ORGANICCHEMISTRY
atoms
h
availablebut
bitabofaualenergyare the
Organiccompoundsare
foundeverywhere not
are enough
electrons
tofillallothem
f completely
Manmadesynthesisand biological teachorbitalbeforeasecond
in oneelectronisadded
systems
Whyso
much
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triple find
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DEFINITION apictorial placedinanelectron
atombindswithother
elements
OS configuration
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a
awwwww
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y
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setofphysicalandchemicalproperties EXAMPLE hydrocarbon I I I2p ashell
the of
Allow division intoclasses methane H
H d OH tf I
compounds
o rganic
Exhibit
characteristicc hemical
reactions
H s 1shell
for
Basis naming
jiff
compounds
o rganic
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functional alcohol
Aspirin IntheGROUNDSTATEofcarbonelectronsareplacedinaccordancewiththe
s
that energy of
thelowest
quantumchemistryprinciples dictate form carbon
you
Eyo yy y Ifweplacetheelectronsinadifferent
mannerahigher of
level carbonEXCITE
energy
Energyis
released
when theelectronsarerearrangedbacktothegroundstate
AkeneC
AkaneCEC
C T DOTSTRUCTURES
LEWIS
Dots electronsinthevalenceshelloftheatom
R O H
É
Alcohol SHELLoutermostoccupiedelectonshellofanatom
VALENCE
etherR j R Ester R r VALENCEELECTRONS
Amine
a intheformationof
I
Involved chemical andinchemical
bonds reactions
givingit same
has
eight
electronsinitsvalenceshell
the electron
Amide R C R
E Y
aldehyde configuration
asanoblegas
R H RuleESPECIALLYapplicableto
carbon
nitrogen and
oxygen group halogen
p showhow thelossofanelectrontomasodiomatomleadstoastable octet
Groundstateelectronconfiguration
ofNaandNat
LINN Naillelectrons 152,221,63s demonstrates
Nath
Eachshellcanholdupto2nelectrons theorbitals s 2s2petc Natlloelectrons 152522ps acompleteocte
n shellnumber LEWISMODELOFBONDINGFORMATIONOFCHEMICALBONDS
Electronsaregroupedinorbital within
subshells
ofthat
ORBITALSregion space can twoelectronsandhasaspecifiedquantized
hold www.wmu.gg on.amyngthatofthenoblegasnearestt
energy inatomicnumber
LECTRONCONFIGURATIONOFATOMS Waysinwhichatoms shells
valence
acquirecompleted
mom ME
É
Atoms ionicwhen
maybe
foranatomoramolecule
that
Atom becomesananion
electrons
gains
AUFBAUBUILDUPPRINCIPLEorbitalsAllin
order
ofincreasingenergy
from
lowest
Atmthatloseselectronsbecomesacation
hyragonofanionsandcations IONIC
up INTERACTION
bond leadstotheformationof
PAULIEXCLUSIONPRINCIPLEnomorethan
twoelectronsmaybepresentinanorbital orionic ioniccrysta
twoelectronsarepresenttheir
spinmaybe
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Anatommayshareelectronswithoneormore atoms complete itsvalenceshell
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