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chapter 1

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  • October 14, 2024
  • 3
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Galoppini
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sabrinanguyen
CHAPTER I COVALENTBONDS ANDSHAPESOFMOLECULES
ORGANICCHEMISTRY
atoms
h
availablebut
bitabofaualenergyare the
Organiccompoundsare
foundeverywhere not
are enough
electrons
tofillallothem
f completely

Manmadesynthesisand biological teachorbitalbeforeasecond
in oneelectronisadded


systems

Whyso
much
variety t Spinsofthesingleelectronin degenerateorbitals bealign
s hould

Forms C
single double Cand
alkenes www.gemmmyy
triple find
CÉÉ of designation whereelectronsare
DEFINITION apictorial placedinanelectron
atombindswithother
elements
OS configuration


N FBrCl1 P B EXAMPLENeon Ne
FunctionalGroups
a
awwwww
DE I 3s
3p
y
I
Alcohol
setofphysicalandchemicalproperties EXAMPLE hydrocarbon I I I2p ashell
the of
Allow division intoclasses methane H
H d OH tf I
compounds
o rganic
Exhibit
characteristicc hemical
reactions
H s 1shell
for
Basis naming




jiff
compounds
o rganic

no groom stateamexcitestate www.ngtn.am
functional alcohol
Aspirin IntheGROUNDSTATEofcarbonelectronsareplacedinaccordancewiththe
s
that energy of
thelowest
quantumchemistryprinciples dictate form carbon

you
Eyo yy y Ifweplacetheelectronsinadifferent
mannerahigher of
level carbonEXCITE
energy



Energyis
released
when theelectronsarerearrangedbacktothegroundstate
AkeneC
AkaneCEC
C T DOTSTRUCTURES
LEWIS
Dots electronsinthevalenceshelloftheatom


R O H
É
Alcohol SHELLoutermostoccupiedelectonshellofanatom
VALENCE

etherR j R Ester R r VALENCEELECTRONS
Amine

a intheformationof
I
Involved chemical andinchemical
bonds reactions

12 pl OCTETRULEmaingroupelementstendtobondinsuchawaythateachatom

givingit same
has
eight
electronsinitsvalenceshell
the electron
Amide R C R
E Y
aldehyde configuration
asanoblegas
R H RuleESPECIALLYapplicableto
carbon
nitrogen and
oxygen group halogen

p showhow thelossofanelectrontomasodiomatomleadstoastable octet
Groundstateelectronconfiguration
ofNaandNat
LINN Naillelectrons 152,221,63s demonstrates
Nath
Eachshellcanholdupto2nelectrons theorbitals s 2s2petc Natlloelectrons 152522ps acompleteocte

n shellnumber LEWISMODELOFBONDINGFORMATIONOFCHEMICALBONDS
Electronsaregroupedinorbital within
subshells


ofthat
ORBITALSregion space can twoelectronsandhasaspecifiedquantized
hold www.wmu.gg on.amyngthatofthenoblegasnearestt

energy inatomicnumber
LECTRONCONFIGURATIONOFATOMS Waysinwhichatoms shells
valence
acquirecompleted

mom ME
É
Atoms ionicwhen
maybe
foranatomoramolecule
that
Atom becomesananion
electrons
gains
AUFBAUBUILDUPPRINCIPLEorbitalsAllin
order
ofincreasingenergy
from
lowest
Atmthatloseselectronsbecomesacation
hyragonofanionsandcations IONIC
up INTERACTION
bond leadstotheformationof
PAULIEXCLUSIONPRINCIPLEnomorethan
twoelectronsmaybepresentinanorbital orionic ioniccrysta
twoelectronsarepresenttheir
spinmaybe
pane to
Anatommayshareelectronswithoneormore atoms complete itsvalenceshell

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