This is a visual English summary of the SECOND part of the biological and cognitive psychology course at the VU Amsterdam (first years). Based on the lectures & the books (Goldstein: cognitive pyschology & Carlson: Physiology of behavior)
The first part is also on my page you can buy them as a b...
Emotions = a
response of our brain to a positive or negative event which results in a certain behavior d physiological responses
,
↳ Valuable to survival .
Emotions we experience today have endured natural selection .
LD Ekman & Friesen have classified 6 basic based facial
emotions on
similarity in expressions across cultures
↳ all other emotions are combinations
Anxietyefear
→ The amygdala is an important brain structure related to the generation of fear
→
fear is often studied by means of fear
conditioning in animals
→ =
of
a measure emotional response
LB How does this ? Via the startle
work BE
pathway
①
I
T
② -
③
→
It does this through
making the nucleus reticular is
more sensitive to stimulation
/ Q seoasiithyattitrowuignfinreaermoomreauators
'
the conditioned
Stimulus is
paired ✓
from the
With the unconditioned ) amygdala
)
stimulus in
basolateral group
the
of
\ ( -
output
the amygdala input nucleus
nucleus
↳ will become more activated
& cause behavioral change
In humans : You don't need to perform fear conditioning . Telling Sb they 'll receive a shock will lead to
anticipatory
-
anxiety as
Shown by a
sweating response
£
This A stress
B- doesn't show in
patients with
amygdala damage .
[ respons
to the actual
"
shock itself
be followed
e.g .
Blue
squares will by ←
missing shows in both
" I
a shock -
Bo
, fear words -
neutral words = fear
respons
You can also use fmri to show fear responses in the
amygdala using substraction .
in
amygda
functioning of
③
the amygdala
①
1.
-
• learning can take
↳ faction) here
place
↳
( rest )
Go ②
!
I
r÷:% activates
direct So transmission to the
central nucleus can be :
will cause
←
-
-
Direct
physiological
'
"
responses
indie -
Indirect • Via basal nucleus
,
• Via accessory basal nucleus
LB This process will cause 2 distinct reactions :
⑦ It gets you ready for action ② It makes sure to provide you with extra energy for action through
stress hormones
( rest )
( action )
↳ This
negative feedback loop to the
= t process causes
prevent overproduction immune system to be
Supressed (because this
Influencers on the amygdala uses up energy which
" " "/÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷"÷ ÷
be freed up )
°¥E9T""""
needs to
Glutamate stimulates
✓ the amygdala
Amygdala I emotion
recognition
" "
"
B Patients amygdala lesions have trouble
-
with
on faces
② recognizing emotions
, especially fear
+
they tend not to
•
look at the eyes
,The ventromedial Prefrontal cortex
TB• The prefrontal frm PFC ) for behavior
\
ventromedial cortex is important controlling emotional .
↳ works by controlling the amygdala (with GABA )
Ps
Evidence :
•
Phineas Gage -
•
damage to the VMPFC causes a
change in emotional behavior
•
The amygdala (emotional behavior ) develops earlier than the prefrontal lobe
↳ aggressive behavior in children t correlated with
amygdala volume
activity is found in
particularly impulsive emotional killers
To The VMPFC involved social moral decisions Patients VMPFC often choice
is also in to with
damage more make a rational
The hippocampus ,
stress & cortisol
to The hippocampus can activate the amygdala based on learned fears
↳ This is positive because it can protect us from negative consequences
↳ negative because thinking of
negative consequences (without them
happening ) can also lead to stress
lanxiety too
damaging long - term
-
BE Depressed people generally have higher cortisol levels
↳
No negative feedback loop = ①
& disrupted
BB
\
Increased cortisol levels
This will lead to :
⑦ Inhibition of the hippocampus by receptor down regulation
BE Cortisol will reduce the amount of receptors in the hippocampus . They will fire less or not at all I no firing = death .
B- This can lead to problems too often observed in depressives
memory
② Continued / Increased supression of the immune system
•
The immune system uses lymphocytes ( white blood cell ) & they communicate using cytokines .
LA Cortisol interferes I thus the (to energy )
with
cytokine signals Supressed immune system save
L This makes to
you more prone sickness
Subjective feelings of emotions
BE Besides physiological reactions & behavioral changes ,
emotions in humans come with subjective feelings
BE James lange theory
-
=
feelings are a
consequence of awareness I interpretation of physiological responses to an event
' '
↳
'
we are sad because we
cry
'
I not we
cry because we're sad
, facial expressions of emotions
2 Spontaneous
ways
•
:
•
Voluntary (on command ) for Difficult to make it seem real because we have no control over our
obiculair is oculi ( smiling with our eyes )
↳ neural pathways :
By
both
-
by left
-
•
Physiological responses &
£
facial expressions are
strongly coupled
↳• facial expressions give feedback to the
body I
can cause a
physiological response
( e.g .
anxious face = increased sweating )
LB facial expressions also influences emotional feelings
#
Sleep
Stages of sleep /
-
-
pneuronsinthebrainareextrenage.ly
-
DWhenyou'rerelaxedoRextRemelyfowf
•
!
go.im?genYseeYoIanwfaI:ica77Ii7geoefeeiliuefal ing
be from this stage
you can easily aroused &
→
n÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
More regular breathing less sensitive to
,
it: G .
. . . . .in . .. . . .. .im
Effeminately
to
you are now very hard wake up t
you'd the first hours & stay longer in
bwnoawn.pe?fmdidsoRiaenmtsatewdji stage REM later
-
2 and
during the night
quite dull .
When waking A
/
up spontaneously you ,
%eE.%7E.EE?.:Tuijoti: .7. 9:iaY.. Y
after from REM sleep
while reversing the sleep cycle 90 minutes usually wake
up .
"
t.taihe.e.am: ns.ereaaoaremsieeecan
you get rapid eye movement , your body is paralyzed
dreams in REM can be bizarre
+
your
supression of external stimuli except meaningful ones (survival ) strong supression of external stimuli
•
•
EEG de synchronization ( waves similar to being )
•
Low probability
awake of waking up spontaneously
PGO fragmented
•
before REM sleep activity from the pons 120% )
•
waves just = to dreams with strong emotions & bad recall
the When
•
lateral geniculate nucleus ( LONI to the visual cortex woken up , you 'll be disoriented & drowsy
leading to eye movements l story like but non -
logical dreaming
-0 Non -
logical because of absent frontal lobe activity
•
Paresis of skeletal muscles (so you don't act out your dreams)
•
Increased genital activity ( non - erotic )
High
00
of If do 'll be
probability waking spontaneously .
you , you
immediately alert & there's a high chance of dream recall 175 -
95% )
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