NR-503 Midterm
NR-503 Midterm exam with 5 best versions +
midterm exam review
NR-503 Midterm version 1
vital statistics - correct answer The collection, tabulation, and interpretation of data
concerning birth, marriage, divorce, sickness, and death.
Morbidity - correct answer presence of illness in population
mortality - correct answer related to tracking of deaths in a population
cases - correct answer people afflicted (those who are sick)
social justice - correct answer justice in terms of the distribution of wealth,
opportunities, and privileges within a society.
Epidemiology - correct answer the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence,
distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
Population Health - correct answer health outcomes of a group of people, and the
distribution of those outcomes within the group
Incidence - correct answer number of new cases
Prevalence - correct answer The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease
or condition present in a population at a within a specific time frame
Outcomes - correct answer End result that follows an intervention
Inter-professional collaboration - correct answer Health professionals work together in
small groups providing care. Examples: oncology, OR, end of life or primary care.
Healthy People 2020 - correct answer A set of disease prevention and health promotion
objectives for Americans to meet during the second decade of the new millennium.
Determinants of health - correct answer Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a
population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and
why some groups have better or worse health than others.
Campaign for Action - correct answer mobilizes nurses, health providers, consumers to
strengthen nursing through policy changes. Goal based on IOM future of nursing report.
,NR-503 Midterm
primary intervention - correct answer process of altering susceptibility or reducing
exposure to prevent disease prior to the person getting it, ex: immunizations, tobacco
prevention initiatives
secondary intervention - correct answer early detection of disease or risk factors and
intervention during an asymptomatic phase, ex: pap smear, rapid HIV, annual cholesterol test
tertiary intervention - correct answer an intervention that occurs after the initial
occurrence of symptoms but before irreversible disability occurs, ex: cardiac rehab programs
aggregate - correct answer defined population
community - correct answer composed of multiple aggregates
high risk populations - correct answer Certain groups of people who have a higher risk
of getting an illness than others
Validity - correct answer The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
specificity - correct answer The ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not
have the disease.
sensitivity - correct answer the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the
disease
continuous variable screenings - correct answer those that are not either positive or
negative but occur on a continuum of values
Two stage testing - correct answer less sensitive first specific test is used often at a
lower cost or less risk to the patient, ex: TB skin
Positive predictive value - correct answer The probability that a person with a positive
test result actually has the disease
Negative predictive value - correct answer the probably that a person with a negative
test is truly free of disease
internal validity - correct answer interpreting the findings of a study depends on the-
design, conduct and analyses, does the study measure what it is supposed to measure
external validity - correct answer the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized to other situations and to other people
gold standard - correct answer tests with 100% sensitivity and specificity
,NR-503 Midterm
Reliability - correct answer Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same
individual over repeated testings
probability - correct answer likelihood that a particular event will happen
likelihood ratio - correct answer combines sensitivity and specificity data to help the
clinician quantify how much the odds of disease change based on a positive or negative result
active surveillance - correct answer data actively collected, more specific objective,
information-gathering tools (questionnaires etc), more useful in epidemiological research than
passive.
passive surveillance - correct answer public health surveillance in which data are sent to
the health agency without prompting.
Heirarchy of Evidence - correct answer best = systematic reviews, RCT, cohort studies,
case control studies, case series, case reports editorials expert opinions = worst
chain of infection - correct answer factors that lead to the transmission or spread of
disease
descriptive epidemiology - correct answer describes the distribution of a disease and or
other related states and events in terms of personal characteristics, geographical distribution,
and time
case reports - correct answer accounts of a single occurrence of a noteworthy health-
related incident or small collection of such events
case series - correct answer report with a series of patients with similar diseases that
describes their management or treatment
correlational study - correct answer a descriptive study that looks for a consistent
relationship between populations or aggregates
cross-sectional study - correct answer A study in which a representative cross section of
the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.(snap shot in time)
causation - correct answer A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls
the changes in another variable.
Systematic (bias) error - correct answer occurs when selected subjects in a sample are
not representative of the population of interest, makes it appear (falsely) that there is or is not
an association between exposure and outcome
, NR-503 Midterm
non-probability sampling (non-random sampling) - correct answer members of target
population do not share and equal chance of being selected, i.e. convenience sample or
volunteers
Exclusion bias - correct answer applying different eligibility criteria to cases and controls
Withdrawal bias - correct answer patients who withdraw from a study are likely to differ
from those who do not
information bias - correct answer A prejudice in the data that results when either the
respondent or the interviewer has an agenda and is not presenting impartial questions or
responding with truly honest responses, respectively
measurement bias - correct answer a form of inaccurate measurement in which the
data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event
calibration error - correct answer systematic error in which an object's quantitative data
differs consistently from the true value on an interval level of measurement, ex: instrument is
not sensitive enough to measure a difference
misclassification bias - correct answer Occurs when either exposure or outcome is not
identified correctly, or case or control is not identified appropriately
Contamination bias - correct answer control group gets tx or intervention, thus
decreases diff between control vs tx
intent-to-treat principle - correct answer you assign patients to the original group you
intended to treat them in from the start of the study
recall bias - correct answer subjects fail to accurately recall events in the past
example:
- how many times last year did you kiss your mother?
- likely problem in retrospective studies
solution: confirmation of data from individual source
reporting bias - correct answer occurs when a source has the required knowledge but
we question his or her willingness to convey it accurately
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