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Rutgers Biology Final (115) Study Guide Exam/433 Questions & Answers
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Rutgers Biology Final (115) Study Guide Exam/433 Questions & Answers
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Rutgers Biology Final (115) StudyGuide Exam/433 Questions &
Answers
Nervous system - -circuits of neurons and supporting cells
-neuronal plasticity - -the ability nervous system to change after birth.
Changes to the number of connections between neurons that take place
during an individuals lifetime
-Embryonic neural development and neuronal plasticity - -synapse
formation involved in both
-short term memory - -information stored for a short time, released if not
used
-long term memory - -activated when information needs to be retained.
When needed info retrieved into STM
-long term potentiation - -lasting increase in the strength of synaptic
transmission -physiological changes, facilitated memory and retrieval,
activity dependent
failure to retrieve from long term memory would affect LTP but not LTM OR
STM
-LTP (long term potentiation)/memory formation facilitated by - -chunking
-Encoding - -transfer from STM to LTM forms a memory
-emergent properties - -result from the arrangement and interaction of
parts within a system
-emergence - -the whole is more than just the sum of its parts
-Levels of organization(Low to High) - -molecule, organelle, cells, tissues,
organs/organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem,
biosphere
-reductionism - -reduction of complex systems to similar components that
are more manageable to study
-hypothesis - -testable explanation for observations based on available
data; an educated guess
, -theory - -broad explanation with significant support, leads to new
hypothesis and accurate predictions
-law - -statement of what always occurs under certain circumstances,
observable pattern, not explanatory
-atoms made up of - -protons, neutrons, electrons
-potential energy - -energy that a material possess due to its location or
structure. can be used to do work
-valence electrons - -outermost shell
-molecule - -a compound of 2 or more atoms held together by chem bonds
-Electronegativity - -measure of an atoms affinity for e in chem bonds
-covalent bonds - -sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
STRONGEST BOND
Non-polar: electrons shared equally
polar covalent: unequal sharing causes partial + or - charge
-Ionic Bond - -highly unequal electronegativity. bond between cation (+)
and anion (-)
-Van deer Waals interactions - -short lived, weak interactions due to
electron position and motion
-Hydrogen Bonds - -When H bonds with O or N type of van der waals but
stronger
-1st emergent property of water - -1) Hydrogen bond: water is a polar
molecule
-2nd emergent property of water - -cohesive (stick together due to H bonds)
(causes surface tension: measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of
a liquid)/adhesive (stick to other stuff) behavior
-3rd emergent property of water - -Moderate Temperature: high specific
heat (amount of energy it takes to raise 1g of a substance 1 degree Celsius)
(takes a lot of energy to raise temp of water)
-4th emergent property of water - -expansion upon freezing (ice floats
freezes top to bottom)
, -5th emergent property of water - -versatility as a solvent: hydrophilic:
loves water has affinity for it, will dissolve, can form H bonds with water.
Hydrophobic: non polar and non ionic cannot for H bonds, no affinity for
water
-Carbon Backbone variation - -Length
Branching
Double bonds
Rings
-Hydrocarbons - -Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
Nonpolar, Uncharged (non ionic)=hydrophobic= insoluble in H2O
-functional groups - -key to molecular function dictate functions of
molecules, affect chem properties
-7 functional groups - -1) hydroxyl (OH) polar, hydrophilic
2)carbonyl (C=O) 2 types: carbonyl at the end: aldehyde/carbonyl in middle:
keytone, polar, hydrophilic
3)carboxyl (COOH) C double O and single OH, polar hydrophilic, IMPORTANT
PART OF AMINO ACIDS
4)amino group (NH2) proton acceptor: basic IMPORTANT PART OF AMINO
ACIDS 5)sulfhydryl (SH) important in some protein structures, thiols
compounds with sulfhydryl groups, polar, hydrophilic
6)phosphate group (PO4H2) acidic hydrophilic
7)methyl (CH3) nonpolar Hydrophobic. in dna effects gene expression
-Macrmolecules - -large molecules formed by thousands of atoms
-Polymers - -Large compound formed from combinations of many
monomers.
-Monomer - -The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
-dehydration reaction - -synthesizing a polymer, removes a water molecule
forming a new bond. enzymes:dehydrogenase
-Hydrolysis - -Breaking down a polymer by adding water, enzyme: hydrolase
-4 classes of macromolecules - -carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids
-Carbohydrates - -classified by location of carbonyl and #of carbons
Monomer, Polymer, Disaccharide
, -A Carbohydrates the architecture/function determined by - -its sugar
monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages
-A Monomer is a ___________, ____________ is the most common one - -
monosaccharide, glucose
-A disaccharide is made up of __________ formed via ____________ linkage. - -
2 monos, glycosidic
-These two carbohydrates are used for storage - -starch and glycogen
-These two carbohydrates are used for striation - -cellulose and chitin
-A Polymer is also known as _________, its function is ________,______ and
__________. - -Polysaccharide; fuel, structure and storage
-Lipids three important families are... - -Three important families: fats,
phospholipids, steroids
-Steroids differ in ________________ groups
EX:________________ - -functional , cholesterol
-Phospholipids are made up of - -glycerol, 2 fatty acids tails and a
phosphate group
-Trans Fatty Acid has __________ bonds. Linear Fatty Acids have fewer
____packed _______ than saturated fats. - -double, H, together
-In Unsaturated Fats there are double bonds in the - -CH chain
-In saturated fats, each C is bonded to the ______ possible number of __.
Saturated Fats are _______ at room temp. - -highest, H, solid
-Fats are the most abundant ______. Their structure is...... - -lipid, glycerol
and 1-3 fatty acid chains
-Lipids are NOT ________ or _________. - -Polymers or Monomers
-Lipids are Hydro______. mostly hydro_____ that dissolve in _______ solvents -
-phobic, carbon, non polar
-Lipids are formed by - -ester linkages
-Lipids functions are - -Storage, structure, signaling
-A Fatty acid is made up of - -carboxyl group + unbranched hydrocarbon tail
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