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Nurs 5220 Pharmacology NA CV Exam A+ Graded
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Nurs 5220 Pharmacology NA CV Exam A+ Graded
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Nurs 5220 Pharmacology NA CVExam A+ Graded
What is an action potential? - -Fundamental process underlying all electrical
activity in the heart.
-What is the resting membrane potential? - --94 mV, close to the
equilibrium potential for K+.
-What are cardiac muscle fibers? - -Cardiac cells that contract and are
connected in series to one another with gap junctions.
-How does the action potential develop in cardiac muscle fibers? - -It
develops in a membrane, and current flows from one cell to another via gap
junctions.
-What are gap junctions? - -Intercellular channels that permit direct cell-cell
transfer of ions rapidly, with low resistance.
-What happens if current flow is sufficient in gap junctions? - -Sequential
depolarization occurs from cell to cell.
-What is excitation-contraction coupling? - -The generation and propagation
of electrical impulses in the heart that results in the mechanical response of
cardiomyocyte contraction.
-What are T tubules? - -Invaginations of the myocyte surface through which
the action potential spreads into the cell.
-What is calcium-induced calcium release? - -Depolarization leads to an
influx of Ca2+ via a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, which then binds to the
Ryanodine Receptor (RyR2) and causes release of Ca2+ from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytoplasm.
-What happens when Ca2+ binds with troponin? - -It produces muscle
contraction.
-How is cytoplasmic Ca2+ taken back into the SR? - -Via an ATP pump.
-How can you regulate cardiac Ca2+ dynamics? - -With pharmacologic
agents, which can change the mechanical function of the heart.
-What are the primary functions altered by calcium? - -Inotropy
(contractility) and lusitropy (relaxation).
, -What is vasoregulation? - -The regulation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM)
tone, critical for maintaining blood pressure and proper distribution of tissue
blood flow.
-What is vasodilation? - -Primarily associated with decreased calcium.
-What is the cAMP pathway? - -Activation of the G-Protein cAMP pathway
inhibits SR Ca2+ release.
-What is the cGMP pathway? - -Pathway activated by nitric oxide that
inhibits Ca2+ release from SR
-What is vasoconstriction? - -Constriction of blood vessels
-What is the PLC pathway? - -Pathway that evokes Ca2+ release from SR
-What is the endothelium? - -Single layer of thin cells lining the surface of
blood vessels
-How does the endothelium modulate vascular smooth muscle tone? - -Via
release of endothelium derived relaxing factors and endothelium derived
contracting factors
-What are the determinants of cardiac output? - -Filling pressure and
compliance
-What is cardiac output? - -Volume of blood pumped to body tissues per
minute
-What is the normal value for cardiac output? - -5-6 L/min
-What is cardiac index? - -Normalized value for cardiac output based on
body surface area
-What is the normal value for cardiac index? - -2.5-3.5 L/min/m2
-What determines heart rate? - -Rhythmic spontaneous depolarization of
pacemaker cells in SA node
-How is heart rate modulated? - -By the autonomic nervous system
-What is stroke volume? - -Difference between end-diastolic volume and
end-systolic volume
, -What influences stroke volume? - -Changes in end-diastolic volume,
myocardial contractility, and afterload
-What is the Frank Starling Law? - -Strength of contraction is proportional to
the initial length of cardiac muscle fiber
-How does contractility affect the myocardium? - -Ability to perform
mechanical work independent of changes in preload or afterload
-What is afterload? - -Force opposing fiber shortening during ventricular
ejection
-What is the Law of Laplace? - -Tension or stress in the ventricular wall
during ejection
-What is the relationship between the tension within a filled sphere and the
thickness of its wall? - -Increasing the thickness of the sphere's wall
decreases the tension within it.
-How is afterload related to intraventricular pressure and size? - -Afterload
is directly related to intraventricular pressure and size.
-How is afterload related to wall thickness? - -Afterload is inversely related
to wall thickness.
-What are the determinants of myocardial oxygen supply? - -Coronary blood
flow.
-When does most myocardial perfusion occur? - -Most myocardial perfusion
occurs during heart relaxation (diastole).
-What is the main source of oxygen demand for the myocardium? - -
Myocardium depends almost exclusively on aerobic metabolism.
-What percentage of basal oxygen consumption does myocardial oxygen
demand account for? - -Myocardial oxygen demand accounts for 7% of basal
oxygen consumption.
-What are the most important determinants of oxygen demand for the
myocardium? - -Contractility, heart rate, and wall tension.
-What is the mechanism of ischemia in the LV? - -Increases in myocardial
oxygen consumption depend on increases in coronary blood flow through
locally produced vasodilating metabolites.
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