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BCH Final Exam questions well answered graded A+ passed

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BCH Final Exam questions well answered graded A+ passed

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  • October 12, 2024
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BCH Final Exam

what is metabolism - correct answer ✔✔- the entire network of biochemical reactions that occur in
living cells



__________________ metabolism is often defined as those reactions involving low molecular weight
biomolecules - correct answer ✔✔intermediary



what are metabolites - correct answer ✔✔small molecule intermediates in the degradation or
biosynthesis of biopolymers



metabolites can be the ______________, _________________________, and the
____________________ of a given metabolic pathway - correct answer ✔✔substrates, reaction
intermediates, and the products



reactions that result in the production of macromolecules are called ____________________ and
require _________________ - correct answer ✔✔anabolic reactions

energy in the form of ATP



what are the precursor molecules used to form macromolecules through anabolic reactions - correct
answer ✔✔amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous bases



anabolic reactions are typically _______________ reactions - correct answer ✔✔reduction



catabolic reactions are typically ______________ reactions - correct answer ✔✔oxidation



energy is _____________ in catabolic reactions - correct answer ✔✔produced in the form of ATP



what are some energy containing molecules broken down in catabolic reactions - correct answer
✔✔carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

,what are the energy depleted end products of catabolic reactions - correct answer ✔✔CO2, H2O, and
NH3



a significant amount of genome is committed to ______________

- ____% of _____ in e coli

- _____% of _____ in yeast

-______% of ______ in humans - correct answer ✔✔metabolism

21 of 900

21 of 1200

23 of 5000



metabolic pathways are ____________________

- the product of one reaction _________________

- 3 types of pathways: - correct answer ✔✔sequences of reactions

- serves as the substrate for the next reaction



linear pathway

circular pathway

spiral pathway



______________ metabolic pathway is most frequently used for building biopolymers such as lipids,
nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides - correct answer ✔✔spiral pathway



in ____________ metabolic pathways often the same enzyme is used to catalyze the subsequent
reaction to produce an enlarged or elongated product - correct answer ✔✔spiral



what is the benefit of metabolic pathways proceeding via discreet steps - correct answer ✔✔- each step
is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (better control mechanism)

- multiple steps help to control energy input and output (invest a little energy at a time)

,- sharing of intermediates between pathways



regulation of ________________ is essential for the efficiency and ordered flow of metabolism - correct
answer ✔✔enzyme activity



how can enzymes be regulated - correct answer ✔✔- substrate level control

- regulation at committed steps of pathways

--> feedback and feedforward

--> allosteric regulation

- covalent modification



metabolic pathways are _____________ they are located within specific regions, organelles or
membranes of the cell - correct answer ✔✔compartmentalized



what are the advantages of metabolic pathways being compartmentalized - correct answer ✔✔- pools of
metabolites for specific pathways are localized and concentrated at specific sites in the cell

- allows for opposing metabolic pathways to occur at the same time (fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol
and breakdown in the mitochondria)

- allows coordinated regulation of the individual reactions

- allows spatial organization of a seqence of reactions

- specialization of tissues allow division of labor and for better efficiency and site specific regulation



Cofactors can be divided into ________________ and _______________ - correct answer ✔✔essential
ions and coenzymes



essential ions can be divided into ____________ and ______________ - correct answer ✔✔activator
ions (loosely bound)

metal ions of metalloenzymes (tightly bound)



coenzymes can be divided into ________________ and __________ - correct answer ✔✔cosubstrates
(loosely bound)

, prosthetic groups (tightley bound)



examples of activator ions - correct answer ✔✔cation: K+, Ca2+, Mg2+



examples of metal ions of metalloenzymes - correct answer ✔✔Iron-sulfer cluster

2 Fe- 2S or 4Fe-4S



examples of cosubstrates - correct answer ✔✔ATP

NAD+

NADP+

coenzyme A

ubiquinone



examples or prosthetic groups - correct answer ✔✔heme group

FAD

FMN



how do iron sulfur clusters bind to enzymes - correct answer ✔✔through the S atoms in Cysteine
residues



what is the major metabolic role of ATP - correct answer ✔✔transfer of phosphoryl or nucleotidyl groups



what is the major metabolic role of NAD+ and NADP+

vitamin source? - correct answer ✔✔oxidation-reduction reactions involving two electron transfer

niacin (B3)



what is the major metabolic role of Coenzyme A

vitamin source? - correct answer ✔✔transfer of acyl groups

pantotenate (B5)

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