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Exam Materials for Life Span & Human Development-SigelMan & Rider
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Exam Materials for Life Span & Human Development-SigelMan & Rider
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EXAM MATERIALS FOR LIFE SPAN & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT-SIGELMAN &RIDER
9 Periods of a lifespan - (ANSWER)prenatal, infancy, preschool, middle childhood, adolescence,
emerging adulthood, early adulthood, late adulthood
Development - (ANSWER)systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur
between conception and death
3 parts of development - (ANSWER)physical, cognitive, and psychosocial
Nature vs. Nuture - (ANSWER)developmental changes are the products of complex interplay
between these two factors
Scientific Method - (ANSWER)belief that investigators should allow their systematic
observations to determine the merit of their thinking
Active vs. Passive - (ANSWER)extent to which human beings are active in producing their own
development or are passively shaped
Continuity vs. Discontinuity - (ANSWER)Focuses on whether the changes people undergo over
their life span is gradual or abrupt
Universality vs. Context Specificity - (ANSWER)Extent to which developmental changes are
universal or specific
Freud Psychoanayitic Theory - (ANSWER)Id, Ego, Superego: people are driven by unconcious
motives and emotional conflicts
Id - (ANSWER)infancy: irrational, impulsive, and selfish
,Ego - (ANSWER)Childhood: rational side that tries to find realistic ways to gratification
Superego - (ANSWER)Internalized moral standards
Freud's 5 stages - (ANSWER)Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
Defense mechanisms - (ANSWER)devices the ego adopts unconscious coping to defend itself
against anxiety that can arise as conflicts arise
Erikson Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory - (ANSWER)Emphasized social influences,
rational ego, and on development after adolescence
Erikson 8 stages - (ANSWER)trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame&doubt, initiative/guilt,
industry/inferiority, identity/role confusion, intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation,
integrity/despair
Watson Classical Conditioning - (ANSWER)Conclusions about human development and
functioning should be based on observations of overt behavior
Principals of Classical Conditioning - (ANSWER)Unconditioned stimulus/CS, Unconditioned
response/CR, Neutral Stimulus
Classical Conditioning - (ANSWER)Form of learning in which a stimulus comes to elicit a
response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits a response
B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning - (ANSWER)Learner behaves in some way and associates his
actions with the positive or negative consequences that follow; repeat positive-decrease negative
Positive reinforcement - (ANSWER)event that makes behavior more probable
,Negative reinforcement - (ANSWER)behavior is strengthened because something unpleasant is
REMOVED or AVOIDED after behavior occurs
Positive punishment - (ANSWER)occurs when an unpleasant stimulus is the consequence of a
behavior
Negative punishment - (ANSWER)occurs when a DESIRABLE stimulus is REMOVED
following the behavior
Bandura Social Cognitive Theory - (ANSWER)Humans are cognitive beings whose active
processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development.
Observational learning - (ANSWER)Learning by observing behavior
Latent learning - (ANSWER)learning occurs, but is not evident in behavior
Vicarious learning - (ANSWER)Learners become more or less likely to perform a behavior
based on whether the consequences experienced by the model they observe are reinforcing or
punishing
Self-efficacy - (ANSWER)Belief that you can effectively produce a particular desired outcome
Reciprocal determinism - (ANSWER)Human development occurs through a continuous
reciprocal interaction among the person, behavior, and environment
Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Model - (ANSWER)Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem,
macrosystem
Marcia's 4 Statuses of Identity - (ANSWER)Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement
, Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development - (ANSWER)Level 1: Pre-conventional, Level 2:
Conventional, Level 3: Post-Conventional
Pre-conventional - (ANSWER)driven by self interest, lack of internalized conscious:
punishment/obedience and individualism/purpose
Conventional - (ANSWER)Loyalty to maintaining social order: interpersonal norms, social
system morality
Post-conventional - (ANSWER)attempt to define moral values & principals that are valid apart
from the authority of the groups and persons holding them: community/individual rights,
universal ethical standards
Darwin - (ANSWER)Belief in genetic variation, evolution, and adaptation
Natural Selection - (ANSWER)Genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will
be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do not.
Evolutionary Psychology - (ANSWER)Application of evolutionary theory to understanding
human thinking and behavior
Adaptation - (ANSWER)interaction between genes and environment
Mitosis - (ANSWER)cell divides to produce two identical cells, each containing the same 46
chromosomes
Identical twins - (ANSWER)Monozygotic- 1 egg
Fraternal twins - (ANSWER)dizygotic- 2 eggs
genotype - (ANSWER)genetic makeup a person inherits
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