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Pathology Chapter 17 Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 100% Verified 2024/2025
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Pathology Chapter 17 Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 100% Verified 2024/2025
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Pathology Chapter 17 Exam Study GuideLatest Updated 100% Verified 2024/2025
Defects that arise from incomplete closure of neural tube - ansNeural
tube defects
Neural tube, neural plate, neural crests embryologically - ansNeural
plate invaginates to create the neural tube, which runs along cranial to
caudal axis of the embryo; walls of neural tube become CNS, lumen
becomes ventricles and spinal canal; neural crest becomes PNS
What is associated with neural tube defects? - ansLow folate levels prior
to conception
Detection of neural tube defects - ansElevated AFP in maternal blood
and amniotic fluid
Anencephaly - ansAbsence of skull and brain due to disruption of the
cranial end of the neural tube
Appearance of fetus with anencephaly - ansFrog like appearance
(prominent eyes)
What neural tube defect is associated with maternal polyhydramnios? -
ansAnencephaly (fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid is impaired)
How does Spina bifida form? - ansFailure of posterior vertebral arch to
close, causing vertebral defect (disruption of the caudal end of the neural
tube)
Name the neural tube defects - ans1. Anencephaly
2. Spina bifida occulta
3. Spina bifida (meningocele, meningomyelocele)
How Spina bifida occulta present? - ansDimple or patch of hair
overlying vertebral defect
How does Spina bifida present? What are the two types? - ansCystic
protrusion of underlying tissue through vertebral defect; two types:
meningocele and meningomyelocele
Meningocele - ansType of spina bifida, protrusion of meninges
Meningomyelocele & what is it associated with? - ansType of spina
bifida, protrusion of meninges + spinal cord (associated with Chiari II
malformation)
,Pathology Chapter 17 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 100% Verified 2024/2025
What is Cerebral aqueduct stenosis? - ansCongenital stenosis of the
channel that drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle
into the 4th ventricle, leading to accumulation of CSF in ventricular
space
What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in the newborn? -
ansCerebral aqueduct stenosis
CSF production and flow - ans- Produced by choroid plexus lining the
ventricles
- Flows from lateral ventricles into 3rd and 4th ventricles via
interventricular foramen of Monro
- Flows from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
- Flows from the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space via foramina
of Magendie and Luschka
Presentation of cerebral aqueduct stenosis - ansEnlarging head
circumference due to dilation of the ventricles (cranial suture lines are
not fused)
Dandy-Walk Malformation - ansCongenital failure of cerebellar vermis
to develop
Cerebellar vermis - ansSeparates the two sides of the cerebellum
Presentation of Dandy-Walker malformation - ansMassively dilated 4th
ventricle (posterior fossa) with an absent cerebellum, often accompanied
by hydrocephalus
Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type II - ansCongenital downward
displacement of cerebellar vermis and tonsils through the foramen
magnum
What does the brainstem normally pass through? - ansForamen magnum
Presentation of Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type II - ansObstruction of
CSF flow commonly causes hydrocephalus
What is Arnold-Chiari Type II associated with? - ansCommonly with
meningomeylocele or syringomyelia
Cystic degeneration of the spinal cord - ansSyringomyelia
, Pathology Chapter 17 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated 100% Verified 2024/2025
Associations of syringomyelia - ansArises with trauma or in association
with Arnold-Chiari malformation (Type I)
Where does syringomyelia usually occur? - ansC8-T1, affecting upper
extremities
Presentation of syringomyelia - ansUpper extremity sensory loss of pain
and temperature with sparing of fine touch and position sense due to
cape-like distribution- anterior white commissure involvement of the
spinothalamic tract, sparing of dorsal column (dorsal column is what
contains the fine touch/position sense)
Where do neurons of spinothalamic tract decussate? - ansAnterior white
commissure
What happens if syrinx expansion in syringomyelia occurs? - ans1.
Damage of lower motor neurons of anterior horn leads to muscle atrophy
and weakness with decreased muscle tone and impaired reflexes
2. Horner Syndrome with ptosis (droopy eyelid), miosis (constricted
pupil), anhidrosis (lack of sweating) due to disruption of lateral horn of
hypothalamospinal tract
What is dorsal column of spinal tract responsible for? - ansFine touch
and position sense
Poliomyelitis - ansDamage to anterior motor horn due to polio infection
How does poliomyelitis present? - ansLower motor neuron signs- flaccid
paralysis with muscle atrophy, fasciculations, weakness with decreased
muscle tone, impaired reflexes, negative Babinski Sign
Lower motor neuron signs - ansflaccid paralysis with muscle atrophy,
fasciculations, weakness with decreased muscle tone, impaired reflexes,
negative Babinski Sign
How is polio transmitted? Where does it move as it infects the body? -
ansFeco-orally, infecting oropharynx/small bowel causing fever, sore
throat, abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting); it then moves to
CNS/anterior motor horn of spinal cord via blood
Werdnig-Hoffman Disease Inheritance - ansAR
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