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Pathoma Cardiac pathology Updated Exam Study Guide 2024/2025
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Pathoma Cardiac pathology Updated Exam Study Guide 2024/2025
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Pathoma Cardiac pathology UpdatedExam
Study Guide 2024/2025
Chest pain that arises with exertion or emotional stress -
ansDefine stable angina
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery with >70% stenosis -
ansWhat is the cause of stable angina?
Chest pain <20 minutes radiating to left arm or jaw, diaphoresis
and dyspnoea - ansHow does stable angina present?
ST segment depression (subendocardial ischaemia) - ansWhat
ECG changes would be seen in stable angina?
Relieved by rest or nitrates - ansHow is stable angina treated?
Chest pain that occurs at rest - ansDefine unstable angina
Rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque with thrombosis and
incomplete occlusion of a coronary artery - ansWhat is the cause
of unstable angina?
ST segment depression (subendocardial ischaemia) - ansWhat
ECG changes would be seen in unstable angina?
Nitrates - ansHow is unstable angina treated?
Episodic chest pain unrelated to exertion - ansWhat is
Prinzmetal angina?
Due to coronary artery vasospasm - ansWhat is the cause of
Prinzmetal angina?
ST elevation (transmural ischaemia) - ansWhat ECG changes
would be seen in Prinzmetal angina?
Relieved by nitrates or calcium channel blockers - ansHow is
Prinzmetal angina treated?
Ischaemic necrosis of cardiac myocytes - ansDefine MI
, Pathoma Cardiac pathology Updated
Exam
Study Guide 2024/2025
Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque with thrombosis and
complete occlusion of coronary artery - ansWhat is the usual
cause of an MI?
Thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, coronary artery vasospasm -
ansName four possible causes of an MI
Severe crushing chest pain >20 mins with radiation to left arm
or jaw. Diaphoresis, dyspnoea - ansHow does an MI present
clinically?
Left anterior descending, right coronary and left circumflex -
ansWhat are the most commonly affected vessels in MI?
TnI. Rises after 2 hours, peaks at 24, returns to normal by 7-10 -
ansWhat is the most sensitive and specific cardiac marker?
When does it peak?
Aspirin/heparin, O2, nitrates, beta blocker/ACE inhibitor -
ansWhat is the pharmacological treatment for MI?
Fibrinolysis or angioplasty - ansWhat is the non-
pharmacological treatment for MI?
Contraction band necrosis (Ca2+ influx), reperfusion injury
(free radicals) - ansWhat are the potential consequences of
fibrinolysis post-MI? What causes them?
No change - ansWhat microscopic changes are seen < 4 hours
post MI?
Coagulative necrosis - ansWhat microscopic changes are seen 4-
24 hours post MI?
Neutrophilic infiltrate - ansWhat microscopic changes are seen
1-3 days post MI?
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