Cytochrome P450 - ANSWER -enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of
endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and
statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs
that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is
competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - ANSWER An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of
the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - ANSWER An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of
the substrate.
Clopidogrel - ANSWER prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not
form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - ANSWER how often a drug is administered
4-5 - ANSWER steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - ANSWER -Vitamin K antagonist
, -Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - ANSWER warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - ANSWER -rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - ANSWER direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - ANSWER -directly into systemic
circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid
absorption, unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - ANSWER -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower peak,
longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - ANSWER -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as polyethene
glycol (simple diffusion)
SQ - ANSWER -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and necrosis
ID - ANSWER -diagnostic determination and allergy sensitivity
inhalation - ANSWER -drug effects as rapid as IV bolus
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