CPCE/NCE EXAM. JMAYY QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
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CPCE /NCE
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CPCE /NCE
CPCE/NCE EXAM. JMAYY QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
Behaviorism - Theorists
John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B. F. Skinner.
Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages
Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1 ½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 yea...
John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B. F. Skinner.
Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages
Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1 ½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years);
initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years); industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years): identity versus role
confusion (12 to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35 years); generativity versus stagnation (35
to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and beyond).
Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic Epistemology)
Theory: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational (2 to 7 years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12
years); and Formal Operations (11/ 12 to 16).
Assimilation/Adaptation
When the individual fits information into existing ideas. (reinforces beliefs)
Accommodation
Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information. (changes beliefs)
Conservation
,The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of an object
changes.
Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model
model emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality
throughout lifespan; meaning making; Kegan suggests six stages of life span development: incorporative,
impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development
Each level has two stages: preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences; conventional
level— a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules; postconventional level— self-accepted moral
principles guide behavior.
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women
Gilligan's 1982 book In a Different Voice illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on
males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory
In a 1978 classic book titled The Seasons of a Man's Life Levinson depicted the changes in men's lives
throughout the lifespan. The four key eras include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle
adulthood, and later adulthood.
Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934)
zone of proximal development
William Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/ College
Students (dualistic thinking)
,Dualism in which students view the truth as either right or wrong. Relativism is the notion that a perfect
answer may not exist. There is a desire to know various opinions. Commitment to relativism— in this
final stage the individual is willing to change his or opinion based on novel facts and new points of view.
James W. Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual Development
Stage 0 undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy, birth to 4 years); Stage 1 intuitive-projective faith (2 to 7
years, early childhood); mythic-literal faith (childhood and beyond); synthetic-conventional faith
(adolescence and beyond) a stage of conformity); individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and
beyond); conjunctive faith (midthirties and beyond) openness to other points of view, paradox, and
appreciation of symbols and metaphors; and universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) few reach this
stage of enlightenment.
Ethnocentrism
means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured
Emic versus etic
In the emic approach the counselor helps the client understand his or her culture. In the etic approach
the counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as being the same.
autoplastic- alloplastic dilemma
Autoplastic implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment.
Alloplastic occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment.
Social comparison theory
Popularized by early research conducted by Leon Festinger, simply postulates that we evaluate our
behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others.
, The five-stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (R/ CID) aka
the Minority Identity Model
(1) Conformity (lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture); (2)
Dissonance (question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group); (3) Resistance and
Immersion (reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own culture); (4) Introspection (mixed
feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's own racial/ ethnic group) and (5)
Synergetic Articulation and Awareness (stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a
similar attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ ethnicity, but has different
beliefs). Not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals never progress beyond the second or
third stage. An individual can also go backward.
Abreaction
violent cathartic reaction
Abscissa
x-coordinate
Absolutist thinking/musterbations
Albert Ellis - using too many "shoulds, oughts, and musts"
APGA (1952) > AACD (1983) > ACA (1992)
American Personnel and Guidance Association (National Vocational Guidance Association fused into)>
American Association for Counseling and Development > American Counseling Association
Nathan Ackerman & James Framo and Robin Skynner
Psychodynamic Family Therapy
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