NBME PATHOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
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Course
F NBME PATHOLOGY
Institution
F NBME PATHOLOGY
NBME PATHOLOGY
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS NBME PATHOLOGY
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS NBME PATHOLOGY
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS NBME PATHOLOGY
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS NBME PATHOLOGY ...
CURRENTLY TESTING SOLUTIONS OF NBME PATHOLOGY
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
A cellular adaptation characterized by increased gene activation leading to increased numbers of
structural proteins and organelles. - ANSWER-Hypertrophy
A cellular adaptation characterized by proliferation of stem cells leading to an increased total number of
cells. - ANSWER-Hyperplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by a decrease in tissue mass due to decrease size and/or number of
cells. - ANSWER-Atrophy
Describe the cellular process of muscle atrophy? - ANSWER-Initially due to decreased protein synthesis
and loss of fibrills/cell mass.
Later stages there is apoptosis
A cellular adaptation characterized by replacement of one cell type with another in response to stress.
Reversible if stressor is removed. - ANSWER-Metaplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by disordered cell growth with high malignant potential. Reversible if
stressor is removed. - ANSWER-Dysplasia
What are the hallmarks of reversible cell injury? - ANSWER-Na/K ATPase dysfunction
,Membrane Blebbing
Chromatin Clumping
Decreased Protein synthesis (ribosome detachment)
What are the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury? - ANSWER-Membrane Damage/Rupture
Rupture of Lysosomes
Leak of cytosolic enzymes into serum
Mitochondrial permeability (cytochrome C release and apoptosis)
Pyknosis-> Karyorrhexis -> Karyolysis
What is pyknosis? - ANSWER-Nucleus turns into blobs
"pick blobs"
What is karyorrhexis? - ANSWER-nuclear fragmentation
What is Karyolysis? - ANSWER-dissolution of nucleus (sign of necrosis)
What is necrosis? - ANSWER-Disorganized cell death
This type of necrosis features cell shape and organ structure preservation due to coagulation of proteins
- ANSWER-Coagulative necrosis
Where is coagulative necrosis seen? - ANSWER-Wedge shaped infarcts of solid organs
,NOT the Brain or Pancreas
This type of necrosis features enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins due to release of neutrophil enzymes -
ANSWER-Liquefactive
When is liquefactive necrosis seen? - ANSWER-Brain infarcts
Abscesses
Pancreatitis
This type of necrosis is characterized by a coagulative necrosis that resembles tissue mummification (dry
form), commonly involving the lower extremities and GI tract.
Superimposed Liquefactive necrosis leads to the "wet" form. - ANSWER-Gangrenous
This type of necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis that results in a "cottage
cheese" like appearance of the affected tissue. - ANSWER-Caseous Necrosis
When is Caseous Necrosis seen? - ANSWER-Most characteristic of granulomatous inflammation in the
lungs due to TB or fungal infection
This form of necrosis leads to the chalky white appearance of adipose tissue due to the deposition of
calcium in saponified fat. - ANSWER-Fat necrosis
When is fat necrosis seen? - ANSWER-Trauma to the breast and Acute Pancreatitis
This form of necrosis is characterized by leakage of protein into blood vessel walls. - ANSWER-Fibrinoid
When is fibrinoid necrosis seen? - ANSWER-1. Malignant HTN
, 2. Vasculitis
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Fibrinoid necrosis? - ANSWER-Type III
What is Apoptosis? - ANSWER-Energy (ATP) dependent cell death. The dying cell shrinks and nucleus
condenses / fragments in an organized manner.
(eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nucleus)
Describe the intrinsic pathway of activation (Caspase-Apoptosis) - ANSWER-Occurs in response to
cellular injury that inactivates BCL2.
This allows Cytochrome C to leak out of the mitochondria and activate caspases to chop up the cell
Describe the extrinsic pathway of activation (Caspase-Apoptosis) - ANSWER-FAS ligand binds FAS death
receptor on target cell leading to activation of caspases 8 & 10.
TNF/TNFR can also activate it.
Describe T-Cell mediated Caspase Apoptosis - ANSWER-CD8+ (cytotoxic) T-Cells create pores in
membranes via perforin secretion.
T-Cell granzymes enter cytoplasm and activate caspases.
This is how virally infected cells are killed.
What is the major cellular receptor disturbed by ischemia (mediating cell Damage) - ANSWER-Na/K
ATPase
Leads to high intracellular calcium
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