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OCT 225 Exam Study Questions with Complete Solutions
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OCT 225 Exam Study Questions withComplete Solutions
Peripheral NS and Autonomic NS (Week 9)
The sympathetic nervous system is also knowns as the ____ and runs from the
___ to ___ segments of the spinal cord.
What are ten functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
AKA thoracolumbar division of the ANS
Runs from T1 - L2 segments of the spinal cord
"Fight/Flight response" activated in stressful, exciting, frightening, or angry episodes:
1. Increase in BP/HR/RR (respiratory rate)
2. Increase in blood flow to the skeletal muscles and brain and away from GI tract
3. Increase in blood sugar level (may lead to diabetes)
4. Cessation of peristalsis (digestion stops)
,5. Dilation of bronchioles and pupils
6. Vasoconstriction of arteries to bring blood to heart faster (may lead to hypertension)
7. Saliva thickens
8. Cell destruction
9. All muscles are activated
10. Body temperature changes
Good, but not when activated for a prolonged time.
Peripheral NS and Autonomic NS (Week 9)
The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the ___ and is
constantly activated except when?
What are eleven functions of the parasympathetic nervous
system? Sometimes known as Craniosacral division
Constantly activated to maintain homeostasis within body EXCEPT when sympathetic
NS is "turned-on."
Functions include:
1. Decrease in HR, RR, BP
2. Homeostasis
3. Pupils contract
4. Vasodilation of arteries
5. Slows body down
6. Decrease in demand for energy
7. Restores Peristalsis
8. Saliva thins
9. Relaxation of most muscles
10. Cell repair
11. Body temp maintained at 98.6 degrees
,Peripheral NS and Autonomic NS (Week 9)
What is the enteric nervous system?
How do the CNS and ENS communicate?
___ or ___ increases the release of ___ in the GI tract and causes what
problems? Loosely connected to CNS
Consists of neurons that are located in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and colon (digestive tract)
Contains 100 billion neurons alone
Network of neurons, neurotransmitters, and proteins
Every chemical that helps control the brain is found in the intestines
1. Proteins
2. Mast cells: cells of the immune system
3. Contains major neurotransmitters including: Serotonin, Dopamine
CNS and ENS communicate through COMMAND NEURONS
Fear or chronic stress increases the release of serotonin in the GI tract. When GI tract
has high levels of serotonin, bowel problems arise (Colitis, IBS - stressful event trigger)
Cranial Nerves (Week 10)
What are the basic location and functions of the cranial nerves?
Inferior surface, olfactory bulb -> temporal lobes -> amygdala/hippocampus ->
cortex (no thalamus)
CNI: Olfactory - smell
, Retina -> thalamus -> primary visual cortex
CNII: Optic - vision
Midbrain
CNIII: Oculomotor - eyes up/down/medial/upper eyelid
CNIV: Trochlear - eyes down/out
Pons
CNV: Trigeminal - facial sensation, chewing
CNVI: Abducens - abducts eye
CNVII: Facial - facial expression, close eye, taste
CNVIII: Vestibulocochlear - head position, balance, hearing
Medulla
CNIX: Glossopharyngeal - swallow, taste
CNX: Vagus - swallow, visceral, taste
CNXI: Spinal Accessory - elevates shoulders, turns head
CNXII: Hypoglossal - moves tongue
Cranial Nerves (Week 10)
What are the tests for each cranial nerve?
CNI: Olfactory - close eyes/cover one nostril, two smells each side
CNII: Optic - snellen chart/visual acuity, pupillary reflex, cover eye/wiggle fingers
CNIII: Oculomotor - pupillary reflex, ptosis, H test, accommodation, convergence
CNIV: Trochlear - H test
CNV: Trigeminal - corneal reflex, light touch, pin prick (forehead, cheek, chin),
open/move jaw or bite tongue depressor
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