Exam (elaborations)
GARP CH 2 – SUSTAINABILITY EXAM 2024/2025
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GARP CH 2 – SUSTAINABILITY EXAM 2024/2025
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GARP CH 2 – SUSTAINABILITY EXAM2024/2025
Sustainable, green, climate finance - Precise Answer ✔✔Sustainable -
anything with sustainability; Green - environmental and climate specific;
Climate - climate only
Sustainability - Precise Answer ✔✔Humankind meeting its economic
needs without overburdening the environment or weakening societies.
Includes environment, social (human rights, health, safety), justice, and
economic (prosperity) concerns. Applies to governments, corporations,
Fis and individuals
Sustainable development - Precise Answer ✔✔Country-level economic
development done in a way that does not overexploit natural resources
or overburden society. Used mainly by governments.
ESG (example metrics) - Precise Answer ✔✔Measuring env, social
governance performance of firms, used mainly by FIs/investors. Sets
standards and metrics: env (CO2, water usage, deforestation, waste),
social (employee treatment, supplier / customer engagement, DE&I),
governance (board composition, executive compensation, risk
management, internal procedures)
Corporate social responsibility - Precise Answer ✔✔Idea that
corporations have a broader obligation to society. Branding, moral
, considerations, and financial materiality influences corporate
sustainability practices. Gained popularity in 1990s, when "triple
bottom-line" was developed. Royal Dutch Shell = one of the first to
issue annual sustainability report.
Brundtland Commission - Precise Answer ✔✔Sus convo started 1970s-
80s; but Brundtland Commission in 1987 defined sus development as
"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
Major UN meetings leading up to COP15 - Precise Answer ✔✔Earth
Summit (Rio, 1992), IPCC created, UNFCCC established, Kyoto
Protool (1997), Paris Agreement (2015)
Millennium Development Goals - Precise Answer ✔✔Goals between
2000-2015. Main aims: to eradicate extreme poverty, achieve universal
primary education, reduce child mortality, env sustainability. Very
government / civil society focused, and most goals failed to be achieved.
SDGs (part of 2030 Agenda for Sus Dev) - Precise Answer
✔✔Launched in 2015 to "build on Millennium Development Goals and
complete what they did not achieve". 17 SDGs: env, social and
economic goals. Targets development in poorer countries but found
strong agreement among public sector, private sector, and civil society.
Each SDG goal also has "sub-targets" to further define specific metrics /
policies.
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