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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDYGUIDE
In general, how does antibody isotype switching occur - ANSWERS-T follicular
helper cells send signals to B cells that cause heavy chain gene rearrangement (in
the constant region of the gene)
Which type of antibodies are most effective at neutralization? - ANSWERS-IgG and
IgA
Which type of antibody is most likely to activate mast cells - ANSWERS-IgE
Somatic hypermutation - ANSWERS-Mutations that occur in the VDJ region of
antibody genes as part of germinal center reaction
where in the body can activated helper T cells function - ANSWERS-1) in lymph
node for the germinal reaction 2) in infected tissues to help fight infection
What do helper T cells do in infected tissues - ANSWERS-Release cytokines that
act on other immune cells such as DCs, macrophages, neutrophils
What cytokine do Th1 cells make and what does it do - ANSWERS-Interferon
gamma; activates macrophages to kill intracellular microbes
,What cytokines to Th2 cells make and what do they do - ANSWERS-IL-4, IL-5, IL-
13; IL-5 activates eosinophils, other two activate gut tissue to expel worms
What cytokine do Th17 cells make and what does it do - ANSWERS-IL-17; induces
acute inflammation and leads to production of defensins to kill extracellular
microbes (will bind to pathogens and kill them - can work on outside of epithelial
barrier)
Excessive activation of Th1 cells can cause what? - ANSWERS-Granulomas - large
amount of macrophages surrounded by activated Th1 cells, can cause swelling
and damage (eg. tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, cron's disease)
What diseases are characterized by granulomas - ANSWERS-Tuberculosis,
sarcoidosis, Cron's Disease
Excessive activation of Th17 cells can cause what? And what diseases? -
ANSWERS-inflammation and tissue damage; multiple sclerosis, Ulcerative colitis,
Th2 cells are associated with what immune condition - ANSWERS-allergies
In Psoriasis, what is the name of the cytokine produced by Th17 cells that acts
directly on skin cells to produce plaques - ANSWERS-IL-22
, What is cross-presentation? What kind of cell does it activate? - ANSWERS-When
a dendritic cell takes up a viral particle from outside the cell and presents a viral
peptide on an MHC Class I to a naive Killer T cell; this and the costimulator for
CD28 will fully activate T cell
True or false: Naive CD8+ T cells undergo clonal expansion at a lesser degree than
CD4+ T cells - ANSWERS-False; a larger amount of CD8+ T cells are generated
How do CD8+ T cells 'activate' in infected tissues? - ANSWERS-Must be presented
with MHC class I peptide complex on surface of infected cells
What two cytotoxic molecules do CD8+ T cells release and what do they do? -
ANSWERS-Perforin - perforates cell membranes. Granzymes - proteolytic enzymes
that result in cell death
What cytokine will CD8+ T cells release in infected tissue? - ANSWERS-Interferon
gamma (IFN gamma)- pro-inflammatory
What does contraction refer to - ANSWERS-The decrease in lymphocyte numbers
after an infection has been cleared successfully
Checkpoint blockade therapy (general) - ANSWERS-Use of monoclonal antibodies
to block inhibitory receptors on T cells and allow them to become reactivated and
kill tumor cells
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