Biol 240 - UW - Final Exam || A+ VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Not very many proteins in the eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane. Where did they go? correct
answers They are still in the membrane and they are still busy, but most of the proteins went
to the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes.
Cellulose and Chitin correct answers Use specific b-1,4-glycosidic bonds between sugars
provides strength and rigidity. In algae
Fungi - Cell Wall correct answers You have a NAG in chitin for cell walls in fungi. The cell
wall is all NAGs
Cytoskeleton Function correct answers Involved in intracellular trafficking, motion, and cell
division can be observed via fluorescent microscopy
Axoneme Structure correct answers Nine pairs of micro tubules and two more single
microtubules in the middle (9 + 2 array)
A new halophile in the dead sea was found. What will its cell wall look like? correct answers
It is an archaea so something with NAG and NAT
What is the correct match for Tubulin? correct answers FtsZ
What is the correct match for Actin? correct answers MreB
What is the correct match for Plasmids? correct answers ParM
What is the correct match for Cellulose? correct answers Algae
Pseudopods correct answers Small "false feet". Powered by actin and ATP for mobility
Heterotrophic correct answers A carbon eater
Fungi correct answers Heterotrophic; cell walls of chitin; used to make bread, beer, wine.
Easy, cheap tool to study eukaryotic structures/gene expression
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been heavily studied. It is the model organism for what?
correct answers Fungi
Fungi, Protozoa, and Slime Molds all use what type of metabolism? correct answers
Heterotrophic
Algae uses what type of metabolism? correct answers Phototrophic
Which of the following may have pseudopods and often do not have cell walls? correct
answers Protozoa and Slime Molds
Which of the following eukaryotes can be non-motile? correct answers Fungi and Algae
Which of the following eukaryotes can have flagella? correct answers Protozoa and Algae
,Fungi - Chytridiomycota correct answers Early branching, "watermolds", Laurel Creek banks
Fungi - Zygomycota correct answers Rhizopus, bread mold!, lab contamination
Fungi - Glomeromycota correct answers Mycorrhizal fungi. Extremely important for
plants/trees.
Fungi - Ascomycota correct answers Called "spore shooters", cup/sac fungi, yeast
Fungi - Basidiomycota correct answers Called "spore droppers", "club fungi", traditional
mushroom producing fungi
Protozoa correct answers As a whole, a (very) broad category. Some heterotrophic, some
photosynthetic. Variable cell walls and different motility strategies. Different reproduction
strategies
Protzoa - Giardia Lamblia correct answers Genetically "old", lacks mitochondria. Causes
human disease (Giardia infection, Beaver Fever). Uses fermentation metabolism
Slime Moulds - Model Organisms correct answers Dictyostelium discoideum - NOT still
protozoan. Model for studying ecology, cell motility, and cell-cell communication
Physarum - Fuses many cells into a continuous, multinucleate giant cell
Algae correct answers Many are multicellular. All are photosynthetic with cellulose cell walls
Chlamydomonas correct answers The model organism for algae. Has a two-flagella form
good for studying eukaryal flagella biogenesis/function. Durable and easy to grow. Use an
"eye" spot in the cell (little red spot) to detect light and decide how close to sit to the waters
surface
Replication of Eukaryotic Microorganisms correct answers Life cycles are more complicated
due to haploid/diploid states. Possibilities for sexual or asexual reproduction
Mitosis correct answers Basic cell division that produces two identical cells from one original
cell
Meiosis correct answers Four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. The haploid cells
are genetically diverse. One round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell
division
Genetic Recombination correct answers Segregation of maternal/paternal chromosomes. A
"crossing over" between chromosomes occurs prior to segregation, this ensures each haploid
cell is genetically distinct
Saccharomyces (Fungi) Life Cycle correct answers Can undergo meiosis to form an ascus
(skin bag, the ascus is for meiosis). Haploid mating types can fuse to reproduce sexually or be
maintained by asexual mitosis. Not limited to ascus formation. Budding off of smaller cells
can occur or fission of identically sized cells. When the small cells bud off they leave scars
behind on the larger cells
,Chlamydomonas (Algae) Life Cycle correct answers Chlamydomonas maintains a motile
haploid state. In favourable environments mitosis occurs. Haploid cells differentiate and fuse
into a diploid form in bad conditions (spore formation)
Dictyostelium (Slime Mould) Life Cycle correct answers Exists in a haploid unicellular form
until conditions worsen. Multicellular "slug" is formed with a stalk and a fruiting body.
Spores form in the fruiting body, restarting the life cycle as haploid cells. Haploid cells can
fuse into a diploid macrocyst form. Macrocyst form undergoes meiosis to generate more
haploid cells
Beer. Wine. Bread. Cell Wall? correct answers All NAGs
Why does Dictoostelium generate macrocysts? correct answers To generate large numbers of
gametes that have new genetic combinations and minimizing the impact of detrimental genes
Penicillin acts on what? correct answers FtsI and Transpeptidation
True or False - An axoneme is an array where nine pairs of microtubules are wrapped around
a core pair of microtubules correct answers True
Endosymbiotic Theory correct answers Life started 4.5 to 4 billion years ago, but eukaryotes
appeared around 2.1 to 1.6 billion years ago. One primitive microorganism (archaea)
engulfed/ingested another (bacteria, probably a proteobacteria), forming a symbiosis. At least
two endosymbiotic events must have occurred (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory correct answers Mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble
bacteria in both size and shape. Double membranes (host and bacterium) has all ester
linkages. "Cell" division with FtsZ. Each has its own DNA, rRNA more similar to bacterial
sequences than eukaryal ones. Circular chromosome
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - Exception correct answers Amitochondriates lack
mitochondria. Cells likely evolved out of using them to obtain energy (Giardia is an example)
Endosymbiosis in Modern Cells correct answers Two cells together are better than one alone.
When amoebas were infected with x-bacteria, most of the amoebas died, but some survived
Endosymbiosis Experiment correct answers Hypothesis - Viable bacteria remained inside the
surviving amoebas
Experiment - Treat amoebas with antibiotics
Results - Following treatment with antibiotics, both bacteria and amoebas died
Conclusion - Amoebas had become dependent on bacteria for survival
Paramecium ingesting algae and using them for photosynthesis. correct answers It hosts them
and allows them to continue with photosynthesis has they are exposed to the light. They take
CÓ and release sugars for paramecium. When the light is gone and sugar stops being
produced, the paramecium will break down the algae and digest it
Malaria correct answers An infection of red blood cells by protists
, Diseases Caused by Microbes correct answers The challenge in treating these conditions is
that we want to kill the pathogen (which is made of eukaryotic cells) but not the host (which
is made of eukaryotic cells)
Fungi and Human Disease correct answers Fungi are less likely to cause disease, but can do
so in immuno-compromised individuals. Fungi can cause oral thrush and athletes foot
Fungi and Plant Disease correct answers Protozoa and fungi can cause significant disease in
plants. Potato blight and the great Irish famine, mid-1800's. Phytophthora infestans causes
potato blight. Caused thousands to immigrate. Phytophthora have cell walls made of
cellulose. It sort of looks like fungi and it sort of looks like plants
Rhytisma (Tar Spot) correct answers Infects maple trees. When it rains, the tar spots will
shoot spores. This interferes with the ability of the leaves to perform photosynthesis. It is a
parasite of maple trees. It doesn't have a huge lasting impact, the tree generally doesn't suffer.
Having these on the trees might mean that your air quality is good. Japanese maple trees are
immune to this
Cordyceps correct answers Infect ants and eat their insides. They then grow out of the ants
dead bodies so that when it rains the spores will be spread to everything below
Beneficial Roles of Eukaryal Microbes correct answers Primary producers provide energy.
Some algae produce great amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis in the oceans.
Biodegraders recycle nutrients. Microbial eukaryotes break down dead animals and plants so
that we aren't living in a world of carcasses. Some eukaryal microbes can degrade cellulose,
recycling plant matter better than animals can
Tadigrades (Water Bears) correct answers Not always tough. They are only tough when they
are in a dehydrated resting state (the tun state). But they are nowhere near are tough as gram
positive bacteria
Which methanogens are the most popular in the environment? correct answers
Hydrogenoclastic
If you are out of mushrooms you are out of? correct answers Chytridiomycota
Dough is made out what before it gets mouldy? correct answers Ascomycota
Which of the following arrangements might result in have flagella at either end of the cell?
correct answers Amphitricus
What is the correct match for Nanoarchaeum? correct answers Igniococcus
What is the correct match for Phytopthora? correct answers Potato Blight
What is the correct match for termite guts? correct answers Protazoa
What is the correct match for Cordycepts? correct answers Arthropods
What is the correct match for amoebas? correct answers X-Bacteria
