NU 545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
4 views 0 purchase
Course
NU 545
Institution
NU 545
NU 545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
1.Know all STI: pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment, and complications.
Use EB's chart
· How is each transmitted during pregnancy to the fetus?
· Know the di...
· Causes: associated with metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity
· Treatment: goal is to reverse androgen excess and causing cyclic menstruation; first line is oral
contraceptives to establish a regular period, weight loss, progesterone therapy if pregnancy is not
desired
4. What is the difference between primary and secondary amenorrhea and what is compartment II?
· Primary amenorrhea: failure of menarche and the absence of menstruation by age 13
· Secondary amenorrhea: absence of regular menses for 3 months or irregular menses for 6 months in
women who have previously menstruated; exclude pregnancy before further evaluation
· Compartment II: disorders that involve the ovary and are linked to genetic abnormalities; gonadal
dysgenesis (turner syndrome) or androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
5. What are the signs of puberty in girls and boys? What delays puberty?
· Reproductive maturation involves the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the CNS, the
endocrine system; adrenarche is the increased production of adrenal androgens (axillary and pubic hair
growth and body odor)
,· Girls: 8-9 years of age, with thelarche (breast development); puberty is complete with the first
menstrual period (could be 1-2 years after menarche or first period)
o estradiol causes breast development, maturation of the reproductive organs, and fat deposits in the
hips
o estrogen and increased growth factors leads to rapid skeletal growth in girls and boys
· Boys: 11 years of age, occurs with increased weight and BMI; complete with the first ejaculation of
mature sperm
o Testosterone causes growth of testes, scrotum, and penis
· Delays in puberty: lack of circulating estrogen leads to inadequate bone density; low gonadotropin
levels: need skull imaging to rule out pituitary or other CNS tumor
o Girls: functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (FHH), disruption in the HPG axis; treat with
estrogen
o Boys: deficient FSH/LH, disruption of HPG axis; treat with testosterone
6. What is the pathophysiology behind the signs and symptoms of menopause?
· Cessation of ovulation and menses due to ovarian failure, marks the end of reproduction; premature
menopause (before 40 years old); defined by the point that marks 12 consecutive months of
amenorrhea
· "climacteric": gradual changes of ovarian function that start before menopause due to a loss of ovarian
follicles resulting in reduced ovarian production of estradiol, increased FSH/LH, and decreased inhibin
· Changes:
o Ovarian: utero- number of follicles steadily decrease, starts in the late 30s
o Uterine: primarily endometrium affected, proliferative growth; longer exposure to estrogen causes
greater thickness of endometrium which causes heavy/unpredictable bleeding
, o Breast: become smaller and lose firmness because fat deposits increase
o Genital tract: vagina shortens and loses elasticity, vaginal pH increases which causes vaginitis, urethral
tone declines causing frequency/urgency/UTIs/incontinence (estrogen deficiency)
o Systematic: vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) due to rise in temp and dilation of blood vessels and
increased noradrenaline levels
o Cardiac: as estrogen levels decrease, BP and LDL levels rise which causes weight gain
7. What does breast milk contain?
· Breast milk is the most appropriate nourishment for newborns.
· Colostrum is rich in immunologic components (IgA, lactoferrin, leukocytes, growth factor)
o Secretory IgA and antimicrobial factors (lysosomes and lactoferrin) protect the infant against infection
8. What is the BRCA1 gene?
· Located on chromosome 17, it is a tumor suppressor gene; any mutation in the gene may inhibit its
suppressor function leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation; the most important breast cancer genes
are BRCA1 and BRCA2.
· This alteration leads to a higher risk for breast cancer.
Testes
organs of reproduction; produces gametes (sperm), sex hormones (androgens and testosterone)
§ Suspended outside of the body because sperm production requires 1-2 C lower than body temp
§ Seminiferous tubules are 80% of the testicular volume and are the site of sperm production; Leydig
cells occur in clusters and produce testosterone
§ Sperm mature in the epididymis; its function is to conduct sperm from the efferent tubules to the vas
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller NurseAdvocate. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
