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NTR 419_594 Exam 1 2024_2025 fully solved & updated
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NTR 419_594 Exam 1 2024_2025 fully solved & updated
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NTR 419/594 Exam 1 2024/2025 fullysolved & updated
-Essential nutrients: nutrients necessary for life and growth that cannot be
produced in sufficient amounts, or at all --> must be provided exogenously
-Includes macronutrients and micronutrients - ANSWER-Define essential
nutrients
Diet, supplements, and enteral/parenteral feeding - ANSWER-What are some
exogenous sources of essential nutrients?
-Water, protein, carbohydrate, fat/lipid
-Present in food, body, and required, in relatively large (g) amounts - ANSWER-
Macronutrients
-Vitamins, minerals
-Present in food, body, and required, in relatively small (mg, mcg) amounts -
ANSWER-Micronutrients
-Acute (short term) causes: excessive sweating, vomiting or diarrhea, febrile
conditions (fever), blood loss, diuresis (urination); losing excessive amounts of
water
-Chronic (long term) causes: inadequate intake of water; especially in older adults
as thirst decreases with age, or bc of medication or needing help going to
restroom; inadequate intake of water - ANSWER-Acute vs chronic water
deficiency (dehydration)
,-Excess water = water retention; can be acute or chronic; can significantly impact
body weight (important to know to prevent medication over-dosing)
-Causes: congestive heart failure, diseases/conditions with edema as a side
effect (e.g. diabetes, liver disease) - ANSWER-Excess water effects and causes
-Morbidity and mortality
-More
-Immune function
-Secondary - ANSWER-Protein status:
-Protein status = significant predictor of _____ and _____ in clinical setting
-Lower protein status = _____ likely adverse outcome
-May reflect decrease in _________ (direct effect on health)
-May be ______ to something else (marker for other factors affecting health)
The most common clinical measurement in serum albumin, but it can be affected
by a lot of things and only changes very slowly, so it's not a very sensitive
indicator. It may be inadequately used by HCPs, but it is still generally used -
ANSWER-Why is there no gold standard for measuring protein status?
-9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids (20 total)
-Conditionally essential amino acids: non-essential amino acids that can become
essential under some conditions
-Dietary sources: animal meat, eggs, dairy, fish, shellfish, legumes, nuts, seeds,
grains, rice - ANSWER-Dietary amino acids
-By-products of amino acid metabolism
-AKA "intermediate metabolites"
-E.g. homocysteine - may be associated with CVD and Alzheimer's risk -
ANSWER-Non-dietary amino acids
-Monosaccharides: C6H12O6; simplest CH2O molecule; one sugar
-Disaccharides: two sugars
,-Polysaccharides: many (100s-1000s) of sugars - ANSWER-Mono vs di vs
polysaccharides
-Any
-Brain, CNS, and hematologic cells (RBC, WBC)
-Acute stress response
-Fruits, vegetables, and honey
-Glycogen (liver, muscle), or fat (liver) --> adipose tissue - ANSWER-Glucose:
-Can be used by ____ cell for energy
-Primary energy source for _______
-Becomes significant energy source during _______
-Present in ________
-Excess dietary glucose --> ____ or ______
Fat; carbohydrates (glucose) - ANSWER-At rest, the majority of total energy is
coming from ______; ______ becomes primary fuel source ONLY if exercising at
significant intensity
-Some
-Glucose or fat
-Fruits, vegetables, and honey - ANSWER-Fructose:
-Can be used by ____ cells for energy
-Most is converted to _____ or ____ in liver
-Present in _____
-Any
-Glucose
-Endogenously
-Mammalian milk (lactose) - ANSWER-Galactose
-CANNOT be used by ____ cells for energy
-Most is converted into _____ (liver)
-_______ produced galactose used to make glycolipids, glycoproteins (cell-
signaling functions)
, -Present almost exclusively in ________
Glucose, fructose, galactose - ANSWER-What are the 3 monosaccharides?
-Glucose and galactose
-Mammalian milk
-Lactase; undigested; fermented - ANSWER-Lactose:
-Disaccharide of ____ and _____
-Present only in ______
-Lactose intolerance: low levels of ______ --> _______ lactose in large intestine ---
> _______ by intestinal microbes ---> bloating, diarrhea, gas
-Glucose and fructose
-Sugar, table sugar, white sugar, refined sugar, cane sugar, cane juice, cane juice
crystals, brown sugar, turbinado sugar, raw sugar
-Fruits and vegetables - ANSWER-Sucrose:
-Disaccharide of ____ and _____
-AKA: ....?
-Present in ______
-Glucose and glucose
-Grains and cereals - ANSWER-Maltose:
-Disaccharide of _____ and _____
-Not common in diet, primarily in ______
Lactose, sucrose, maltose - ANSWER-What are the 3 disaccharides?
-Glucose only
-Straight (amylose) or branched (amylopectin)
-Grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, some vegetables - ANSWER-Starch:
-Polysaccharide of 100s-1000s of _______
-Can have ____ or _____ chains
-Present in _____
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