Foundations of Earth Science, 8th Edition by Frede
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Created by: A Solution
Solutions Manual for Foundations of Earth Science,
8th Edition by Frederick Lutgens, Edward Tarbuck,
Dennis Tasa (All Chapters) A+
1. MATTER AND MINERALS
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Minerals presents the fundamental characteristics of earth materials. The chapter
begins with minerals and how they are defined, then delves deeper to review the building blocks
of minerals: atoms and atomic particles. From there, the main types of ionic bonding are
presented.
The final section in the chapter steps back to look at mineral properties, how minerals are
identified, and the main mineral groups.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
a. Defining a Mineral
i. Naturally occurring
ii. Generally inorganic
iii. Solid substance
iv. Orderly crystalline structure
v. Definite chemical composition
b. What Is a Rock?
i. Solid mass of mineral
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ii. Solid mass of mineral-like matter
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS
a. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
i. Protons and neutrons are very dense particles with almost identical masses
ii. Electrons have a negligible mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton
iii. Protons have an electrical charge of +1, and electrons have an electrical charge of −1
iv. Atomic structure: nucleus , principle shells, and valence shells
b. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
i. Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ii. Periodic table: organization of elements
iii. Chemical compound: the chemical combination of two or more elements
1.3 WHY ATOMS BOND
a. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
i. Valence electrons are generally involved in chemical bonding
ii. Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until surrounded by eight valence
electrons
iii. A chemical bond is a transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom a full valence
shell of electrons
iv. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
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v. The properties of a chemical compound are dramatically different from the properties of
the various elements constituting it
b. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
i. One atom gives up one or more valence electron to another atom to form ions
ii. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
c. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
i. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of one or more valence electrons between a pair of
atoms
ii. Attraction of oppositely charged ions
d. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
i. The valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so that all atoms share
the available valence electrons
ii. Metallic bonds produce the high electrical conductivity found in metals
1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Optical Properties
i. Luster: the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineralColor
ii. Streak: the color of a mineral in powdered form
b. Ability to transmit light: opaque or transparentCrystal Shape or Habit: the common or
characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals
i. Equant (equidimensional)
ii. Bladed
iii. Fibrous
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iv. Tabular
v. Prismatic
vi. Platy
vii. Blocky
viii. Cubic
ix. Banded
c. Mineral Strength: how easily minerals break or deform under stress
i. Hardness: resistance to scratching (Mohs scale)
ii. Cleavage: tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
iii. Fracture: chemical bonds of equal strength in all directions
d. Tenacity: toughnessDensity and Specific Gravity
e. Other Properties of Minerals
i. Taste
ii. Feel
iii. Smell
iv. High iron content
v. Double refraction
vi. Reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid
1.5 MINERAL GROUPS
a. Rock-Forming Minerals: minerals that collectively make of most of the rocks of Earth’s
crust
b. Economic Minerals: minerals that are used extensively in the manufacture of products
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